Aluminium recycling

Aluminium recycling is the process by which scrap aluminium can be reused in products after its initial production. The process involves simply re-melting the metal, which is far less expensive and energy-intensive than creating new aluminium through the electrolysis of aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃), which must first be mined from bauxite ore and then refined using the Bayer process. Recycling scrap aluminium requires only 5% of the energy used to make new aluminium from the raw ore.[1] For this reason, approximately 36% of all aluminium produced in the United States comes from old recycled scrap.[2] Used beverage containers are the largest component of processed aluminum scrap, and most of it is manufactured back into aluminium cans.[3]

An aluminium recycling symbol.

The European Committee for Standardization logo for aluminium recycling.

History

A common practice since the early 1900s and extensively capitalized during World War II, aluminium recycling is not new. It was, however, a low-profile activity until the late 1960s, when the exploding popularity of aluminium beverage cans finally placed recycling into the public consciousness.[4]

Model promoting aluminium recycling at Douglas Aircraft Company in 1942

Sources for recycled aluminium include aircraft, automobiles, bicycles, boats, computers, cookware, gutters, siding, wire, and many other products that need a strong lightweight material, or a material with high thermal conductivity. As recycling does not transmute the element, aluminium can be recycled indefinitely and still be used to produce any product for which new aluminium could have been used.[5]

Hydraulic press and baled cans prepared for transport

Advantages

Aluminium is an infinitely recyclable material, and it takes up to 95 percent less energy to recycle it than to produce primary aluminum, which also limits emissions, including greenhouse gases. Today, about 75 percent of all aluminum produced in history, nearly a billion tons, is still in use.[6]

The recycling of aluminium generally produces significant cost savings over the production of new aluminium, even when the cost of collection, separation and recycling are taken into account.[7] Over the long term, even larger national savings are made when the reduction in the capital costs associated with landfills, mines, and international shipping of raw aluminium are considered.

Energy savings

Recycling aluminium uses about 5% of the energy required to create aluminium from bauxite;[8] the amount of energy required to convert aluminium oxide into aluminium can be vividly seen when the process is reversed during the combustion of thermite or ammonium perchlorate composite propellant.

Aluminium die extrusion is a specific way of getting reusable material from aluminium scraps but does not require a large energy output of a melting process. In 2003, half of the products manufactured with aluminium were sourced from recycled aluminium material.[9]

Environmental savings

The benefit with respect to emissions of carbon dioxide depends on the type of energy used. Electrolysis can be done using electricity from non-fossil-fuel sources, such as nuclear, geothermal, hydroelectric, or solar. Aluminium production is attracted to sources of cheap electricity. Canada, Brazil, Norway, and Venezuela have 61 to 99% hydroelectric power and are major aluminium producers. The use of recycled aluminium also decreases the need for mining bauxite.

The vast amount of aluminium used means that even small percentage losses are large expenses, so the flow of material is well monitored and accounted for financial reasons. Efficient production and recycling benefits the environment as well.[10]

Process for beverage cans

Aluminium beverage cans are usually recycled by the following method:[11]

1. Cans are first divided from municipal waste, usually through an eddy current separator, and cut into small, equally sized pieces to lessen the volume and make it easier for the machines that separate them.
2. Pieces are cleaned chemically/mechanically and blocked to minimize oxidation losses when melted. (The surface of aluminium readily oxidizes back into aluminium oxide when exposed to oxygen.[12])
3. Blocks are loaded into the furnace and heated to 750 °C ± 100 °C to produce molten aluminium.
4. Dross is removed, and the dissolved hydrogen is degassed. (Molten aluminium readily disassociates hydrogen from water vapor and hydrocarbon contaminants.) This is typically done with chlorine and nitrogen gas. Hexachloroethane tablets are normally used as the source for chlorine. Ammonium perchlorate can also be used, as it decomposes mainly into chlorine, nitrogen, and oxygen when heated.[13]
5. Samples are taken for spectroscopic analysis. Depending on the final product desired, high-purity aluminium, copper, zinc, manganese, silicon, and/or magnesium is added to alter the molten composition to the proper alloy specification. The top-five aluminium alloys produced are 6061, 7075, 1100, 6063, and 2024.
6. The furnace is tapped, the molten aluminium poured out, and the process is repeated again for the next batch. Depending on the end product, it may be cast into ingots, billets, or rods, formed into large slabs for rolling, atomized into powder, sent to an extruder, or transported in its molten state to manufacturing facilities for further processing.[14]

Ingot production using reverberatory furnaces

The scrap aluminium is separated into a range of categories such as irony aluminium (engine blocks etc.), clean aluminium (alloy wheels). Scraps are classified according to ISRI (Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries).

Depending on the specification of the required ingot casting, it will depend on the type of scrap used in the start melt. Generally, the scrap is charged to a reverberatory furnace (other methods appear to be either less economical and/or dangerous) and melted down to form a "bath". The molten metal is tested using spectroscopy on a sample taken from the melt to determine what refinements are needed to produce the final casts.

After the refinements have been added, the melt may be tested several times to be able to fine-tune the batch to the specific standard.

Once the correct "recipe" of metal is available, the furnace is tapped and poured into ingot moulds, usually via a casting machine. The melt is then left to cool, stacked and sold on as cast silicon–aluminium ingot to various industries for re-use. Mainly, cast alloys like ADC12, LM2, AlSi132, LM24 etc. are produced. These secondary alloys ingots are used in die cast companies.

Tilting rotary furnaces are used for recycling of aluminium scrap, which give higher recovery compared to reverberatory furnaces (Skelner Furnace).

Recycling rates

Brazil recycles 98.2% of its aluminium can production, equivalent to 14.7 billion beverage cans per year,[15] ranking first in the world, more than Japan's 82.5% recovery rate. Brazil has topped the aluminium can recycling charts eight years in a row.[16]

Secondary aluminium recycling

White dross, a residue from primary aluminium production and secondary recycling operations, usually classified as waste,[17] still contains useful quantities of aluminium which can be extracted industrially.[18] The process produces aluminium billets, together with a highly complex waste material. This waste is difficult to manage. It reacts with water, releasing a mixture of gases (including, among others, hydrogen, acetylene, and ammonia) which spontaneously ignites on contact with air;[19] contact with damp air results in the release of copious quantities of ammonia gas. Despite these difficulties, however, the waste has found use as a filler in asphalt and concrete.[20]

See also

• Environmental issues with mining
• Ferrous metal recycling

References

1. "The price of virtue". The Economist. 7 June 2007.
2. minerals.usgs.gov
3. EPA. "Common Wastes & Material". Retrieved 27 April 2012.
4. Schlesinger, Mark (2006). Aluminum Recycling. CRC Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-8493-9662-5.
5. "WasteOnline: Metals aluminium and steel recycling". Archived from the original on 2007-10-16. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
6. AG, interstruct. "Aluminium Recycling – Développement durable". recycling.world-aluminium.org. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
7. International Aluminum Institute
8. Aluminum: The Element of Sustainability A North American Aluminum Industry Sustainability Report (PDF) (Report). The Aluminum Association. September 2011.
9. "Manufacturing with Die Casting: An Eco-Friendly Option". NADCA Design. 2017-01-21. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
10. "Aluminium organisation: Environmental issues". Archived from the original on 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
11. aluminum.org: How Is An Aluminum Can Recycled?
12. www.metalwebnews.com: Melting Practice
13. "Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys Casting Problems". key-to-metals.com.
14. Alcoa Primary Aluminum - North America: Products
15. "In 2009, Brazil was, once again, the leading country worldwide in the collection of aluminium beverage cans, with a recycling rate of 98.2%". Alu - Aluminium for future generations. 2010. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
16. "Brazil's unemployed catadores keep recycling rates high while earning much-needed cash. - Free Online Library". Thefreelibrary.com. 2010-03-22. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
17. Residues from aluminium dross recycling in cement
18. Hwang, J.Y., Huang, X., Xu, Z. (2006), Recovery of Metals from Aluminum Dross and Salt cake, Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp 47-62
19. Why are dross & saltcake a concern?
20. Dunster, A.M., Moulinier, F., Abbott, B., Conroy, A., Adams, K., Widyatmoko, D.(2005). Added value of using new industrial waste streams as secondary aggregates in both concrete and asphalt. DTI/WRAP Aggregates Research Programme STBF 13/15C. The Waste and Resources Action Programme

External links

• Secondary Aluminum Smelters of the World - A list of companies who produce secondary aluminium (i.e., recycled or remelted from scrap metal)