2019–20 North American winter

The 2019–20 North American winter refers to winter in North America as it is occurring across the continent from late 2019 through early 2020. Winter weather in the US was a bit on the inactive side as most of the US experienced a warmer than average winter which is all thanks to the strong polar vortex throughout much of the winter. While there is no well-agreed-upon date used to indicate the start of winter in the Northern Hemisphere, there are two definitions of winter which may be used. Based on the astronomical definition, winter begins at the winter solstice, which in 2019 occurred on December 21, and ends at the March equinox, which in 2020 occurred on March 19.[1] Based on the meteorological definition, the first day of winter is December 1 and the last day February 29.[2] Both definitions involve a period of approximately three months, with some variability. Winter is often defined by meteorologists to be the three calendar months with the lowest average temperatures. Since both definitions span the calendar year, it is possible to have a winter storm in two different years.

2019–20 North American winter
Strong extratropical cyclone brings strong winds and feet of snow to Great Lakes February 27, 2020
Seasonal boundaries
Astronomical winterDecember 21 – March 19
Meteorological winterDecember 1 – February 29
Most notable event
NameNovember 26 - December 3, 2019 North American blizzard
DurationNovember 26 - December 3, 2019
Maximum snow accumulation
Highest snowfall total114 inches at Homewood, California

Seasonal forecasts indicated a milder than normal winter across most of the United States and even parts of Canada. These forecasts were verified after the United States experienced their 6th warmest winter on record[3] and many cities in the Northeast Megalopolis received <1" of snow all winter.[4] Fewer significant events occurred during the season and many of them occurred in April and even early May which is quite unusual as most winters tend to have significant winter weather events in January and February. Significant weather events includes an early season winter storm in mainly the northeastern US, a series of brief cold waves in the Northwest and the upper midwest in late January through early February, a historic blizzard in Atlantic Canada in late January, significant lake effect snow in the Great Lakes region late February, a bomb cyclone nor’easter in March that provided a yet another near-miss to the New England region, and a late-season blizzard that impacted the much of the Midwest and the Rockies.

Seasonal forecasts
Temperature outlook
Precipitation outlook

On October 17, 2019, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Climate Prediction Center released its U.S. Winter Outlook. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation was in its neutral phase and was thus not expected to be a key predictor for the season. As a result, other oscillations such as the Madden–Julian Oscillation and the Arctic Oscillation were anticipated to be more significant drivers of the seasonal weather, particularly in the form of large temperature and precipitation swings. From the outlook, the greatest likelihoods for above-normal temperatures were for Alaska and Hawaii, with lower but still above-normal odds of above-average temperatures for most of the lower 48 states. The exception was for the Northern Plains, Upper Mississippi Valley, and western Great Lakes regions, which were ascribed equal changes for above-, near-, or below-average temperatures. No area in the United States was favored to have below-average temperatures. In terms of precipitation, wetter-than-average conditions were most likely in Alaska, Hawaii, part of the Northern Plains, Upper Mississippi Valley, Great Lakes, and parts of the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern U.S. Drier-than-average conditions were favored for Louisiana and parts of Texas, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Oklahoma, as well as parts of central and northern California, with the rest of the U.S. having equal changes of above-, near-, or below-average precipitation. The drought outlook highlighted the presence of abnormally dry conditions across much of the Southern U.S, with improvement expected in part of the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic regions, Alaska, and Hawaii. Drought was expected to persist in central Texas and the Southwestern U.S, with further development anticipated in parts of central California.[5]

Events

Early November winter storm

Record breaking temperatures and snowfall caused disruption throughout the Midwestern United States in early November. Approximately 1000 flights were grounded at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport as 3.7 inches of snow fell on November 11, breaking the previous record of 1.9 inches on November 11, 1995.[6] In areas of Michigan's lower peninsula, over two feet of snow fell.[7] In Canada, Southern Ontario and Southern Quebec had their first major winter storm of the season on November 11 and 12 respectively, which was followed by record January-like cold.[8] 10–20 cm of snow fell across much of the region crippling large cities such as Montreal and Toronto. In Montreal, local officials announced the city's earliest ever snow removal operation in the aftermath of the storm. Over 10 school boards province-wide closed the day after the storm.[9]

Late November - Early December bomb cyclone & blizzard
Satellite imagery of winter storms crossing the US November 27, 2019

Moving ashore November 26–27 near the Oregon/California border as an over-achieving bomb cyclone, it produced wind gusts in excess of 100 mph near its point of landfall. The storm produced a record low pressure reading of 973.4 millibars in Crescent City, California. From November 27–30, the low merged with the subtropical jet as it tracked slowly eastward across the Rockies, plains & Midwest. The combination of cold air, moisture and high winds produced a wide swath of blizzard conditions from Colorado through western South Dakota, including the Denver Metro. In Rapid City, 14.5 inches of snow fell on the 30th, breaking the one-day snowfall record for November. In Duluth, where 21.7 inches of snow accumulated, it was the city's heaviest snowstorm in 10 years. As the first major winter storm of the season in the northeast, it dumped 22.6 inches of snow in Albany, where it was the heaviest snowfall since the 1993 Superstorm. Widespread totals in excess of 20 inches occurred in the Albany Metro, Southern New Hampshire & Northwestern Massachusetts with a regional peak of 36 inches of snow in New Ipswich, New Hampshire. The low finally moved out to sea December 3.[10]

Late December Great Plains and Midwest blizzard

The winter storm had the largest impact on the Midwestern states, as it affected Nebraska, the Dakotas, and Minnesota. In Fargo, North Dakota, there were many closings of schools, businesses, and roadways, from December 28 to December 30. Freezing rain lead to over 470 reported traffic accidents in Minneapolis.[11][12]

Plains being impacted by blizzard, as seen from space

Early January storm complex

A large complex of low pressure systems began developing January 9 over Central North America. A large trough dug into the jet stream over the Southwestern United States, providing arctic air that had been settled over Canada to move southwards and clash with warm, moist air moving northward from the Gulf of Mexico.[13] In the warm sector, severe thunderstorms and tornadoes broke out in the south central United States on the morning of January 10. Tornado warnings were issued for more than 1.7 million in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, at 7:52 pm CST a PDS tornado warning was issued for Scranton, Arkansas and surrounding communities and more than 111,000 customers were left without power in Texas alone. Severe weather continued in the deep south into following day, with Alabama being affected particularly severely.[14] North of the boundary, a mix of heavy snow and freezing rain caused travel woes across the Midwest. Along the Great Lakes, winds were forecast to whip up 23 foot waves as lakeshore flooding had already begun in Chicago.[15] Central Michigan through Eastern Ontario received a swath of crippling ice accretion. Several January rainfall records fell in Southern Ontario, as event rainfall totals over 50 mm were widespread, which is highly unusual for that time of year.[16][17]

Mid January snowstorm

Beginning on the west coast January 15, much of southern British Columbia, including the Lower Mainland and Vancouver Island, received an unusually heavy snowstorm. Combined with high wind, some localities were put under blizzard warning, which is rare in British Columbia.[18] 15 cm of snow fell in Vancouver[19] and 20 cm fell in Victoria,[20] closing schools, disrupting transportation and cutting power to 23,000. Across the Plains and Midwest, the snow also caused problems for travelers, closing a 175-mile stretch of I-29, a 63-mile stretch of I-90 as well as all of I-85 within the state of Idaho. A plane slipped off the runway at Kansas City International Airport and the Quad Cities region declared a snow emergency.[21] In Southern Ontario, up to 20 cm (8 inches) of snow fell breaking a few daily snowfall records for January 18, including at Ottawa International Airport where 19 cm of snow fell (14.3 cm of which fell on the 18th), and Pearson International Airport, which received 17.2 cm of snow. The heavy snowfall was severely disruptive to transportation, particularly in the GTA, where 250 collisions occurred.[22]

North Atlantic bomb cyclone

A low pressure system brought moderate snow to the Great Lakes region it crossed the Northeast before emerging over the North Atlantic. While south of Nova Scotia, the storm became a weather bomb and the following day, January 17, it moved just to the south of Newfoundland Avalon Peninsula,[23] bringing with it 2 to 3 feet of snow and hurricane-force winds that produced a large swath of blizzard condition in the Southeast Corner of the island. 76.2 cm of snow accumulated, becoming St. John's heaviest 1-day snowfall since records began, with winds gusting to 100 km/h for 14 consecutive hours, the city was paralyzed. Several locations were evacuated due to a significant avalanche risk.[24] At high tide, a storm surge of 60 – 80 cm occurred, with 9 to 12 m waves on top. Several communities in the region declared a state of emergency.[25]

January–February cold waves

A major arctic outbreak affected western Canada and the Pacific Northwest from January 12–19. Extreme cold warnings were issued across all of Alberta, the Yukon, the Northwest Territories, most of BC, most of Saskatchewan and part of Manitoba during this period, as a cross-polar flow caused arctic to settle in the region. Much of Central Alberta dipped below -40 °C, colder than it was in Siberia at the time.[26][27]

Following the storm that would go on to become the North Atlantic bomb cyclone, the Ohio River Valley area and parts of the Midwest suffered brutally cold temperatures on January 19.

On February 14, the Ohio River Valley region suffered brutally cold temperatures again this winter with temperatures plummeting to a low of -2 °F at Chicago O'Hare Airport, regionally the coldest temperatures recorded in the 2019–2020 season. Considering the windchill factor, temperatures ranged from -10 °F - -20 °F; dangerously cold for anyone outdoors. It was Chicago's coldest Valentine's Day in 77 years.[28] Temperatures in Minnesota were also record breaking; an overnight low of -35 °F was reported at Preston. New Hampton, Iowa broke a near-century old record when they fell to -18 °F.[29] North of the International border, temperatures fell into the -20 °C range as far south as Toronto, where several frostquakes occurred.[30]

Early February storm complex
Large storm complex over Eastern North America February 6

February 4 and 5, snow fell in the deep south, primarily in Texas and Oklahoma, where several highways were closed.[31] Snow fell as far south as Austin, 14 inches of snow fell in Jayton, Texas, and thundersnow occurred in Big Spring. I-70 in central Missouri was temporarily shut down as road crews cleaned debris in the aftermath of a collision. Schools closed in portions of Texas, Oklahoma and Missouri. 9,000 were left without power in the Oklahoma city metro. The following day, severe thunderstorms produced flash flooding and tornadoes in the Southeastern United States. In Simpson County, Mississippi, a possible-tornado destroyed several mobile homes. A PDS-tornado warning was issued for Charlotte, where those at the airport were relocated to the building's interior.[32][33] Severe thunderstorms and tornado warnings occurred as far North as Maryland and Delaware.[34] Winter weather advisories were issued from Tennessee to Maine, with warnings concentrated over North-central Pennsylvania, Western New York, Northern portions of Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine. With a precipitation shield of 2500 km, the storm impacted 16 million across 6 provinces in Canada.[35] The storm was dubbed "Winter Storm Kade" by The Weather Channel.[36]

Mid February Southeast U.S snowstorm

A broad area of low pressure brought snow to parts of the Southeast beginning on February 19, when snow began to fall in the mountains of Tennessee. 4.2 and 4 inches of snow accumulated in Waynesville and Mount LeConte respectively. Similar but slightly lesser amounts occurred in surrounding areas of Eastern Tennessee and Western North Carolina. Another swath of snow occurred in Eastern North Carolina and Southeastern Virginia on February 20–21, ending a 400+ day snow-free streak in the region.[37] In preparation for the storm, most school boards closed or had delayed openings, hundreds of flights were cancelled and all of North Carolina was put under a Winter weather advisory.[38]

Late February Great Lakes winter storm

On February 25, heavy snowfall and winds caused travel disruption in South Dakota and Wyoming, where portions of Interstates 80 and 25 were closed. 31 inches of snow fell in South Dakota's Black hills.[39] The following day, the storm impacted the Midwest, with accumulations peaking at 8.7 inches in Salem Center, Indiana. Major cities in the Midwest, such as Chicago or Indianapolis, avoided the heaviest snow as they received fewer than 3 inches of it. However, strong winds caused minor lakeshore flooding and delayed 900 flights in the former. 1 fatality was reported in Missouri as the result of a car crash.[40][41] The entire 401 corridor from Windsor through Southern Quebec was impacted by heavy snow, high winds and/or freezing rain. The inclement weather resulted in 250 collision in the Greater Toronto area alone. 19.6 cm of snow fell in Ottawa,[42] however, the storm may have produced over a foot of snow in nearby, sparsely populated Cottage country.[43] Due to the Great Lakes being relatively ice free and warmer than normal, unusually heavy lake-effect snow squalls followed along their leeward shores, prompting Blizzard warnings in some localities.[44] (As of 11 PM February 28) 48 inches of snow fell in Carthage, New York, downwind of Lake Ontario. The heaviest snowfall downwind of Lake Erie was 25 inches at Springville, New York. 33.8 inches of snow fell at Watertown.[45]

March nor'easters
Bomb cyclone Nor'easter at peak intensity March 7, 2020

1st nor'easter (March 6–8)

An area of low pressure off the US East Coast began intensifying when it merged with a weaker area of low pressure over the Great Lakes. Between the morning of March 6 and the morning of March 7, the storm's central pressure dropped 40 mb, qualifying for the 24 mb drop in 24 hours to classify a bomb cyclone. Due to the sharp pressure gradient, very strong winds were reported on the islands off Massachusetts' coast, with a peak gust of 66 mph reported on Nantucket, where 2.4 - 2.5 inches of snow was recorded.[46][47] A 62 mph wind gust was reported on Cape Cod while nearby coastlines of Connecticut, Rhode Island and New Hampshire were affected by winds in the 30 - 45 mph range. Light snow fell in Southeastern Massachusetts, peaking at 2.6 inches in Dighton.[48] The storm achieved a peak intensity of 965 mb early on March 7, as it was pulling away from New England.[49]

2nd nor'easter (March 22–25)

An area of low pressure moved offshore of the Mid-Atlantic and began organizing and strengthening slightly. Remaining offshore, enough cold air was in place for it to deliver moderate, locally heavy snow to the interior northeast. Syracuse received their 2nd heaviest seasonal snowfall with 6.8 inches. The Albany metro area also saw >6 inches of snow. Higher elevation locales received much heftier totals; 9 inches of snow accumulated at Lake Desolate and 8.8 inches in Savoy, Massachusetts, for example. The most snowfall accumulated for this storm in the United States was 11 inches and occurred in 3 different locations; Mildford, New Hampshire, Quechee, Vermont and Norridgewock, Maine. Beforehand, light snowfall was experienced over a swath of the Midwest and 2 inches of snow accumulated at Chicago O'Hare International Airport.[50] Atlantic Canada also experienced impacts from the storm. In the Maritimes, wet snow fell ahead of moderate rainfall and mixed precipitation lessened snowfall totals. However, the island of Newfoundland experienced much heavier snow and stronger winds, producing near-blizzard conditions.[51] At Stanfield International Airport, 27.1 cm of snow fell on March 24.[52] St. John's, Newfoundland saw 18.4 cm of snow March 24–25 and winds there gusted to 91 km/h.[53]

Mid March High Plains blizzard
GOES 16 water vapor image of the Northern Rockies as the late season blizzard moves over.

An area of low pressure incoming from the Pacific drifted down the California coastline the week of March 16, bringing scattered thunderstorms with hail to Southern California.[54] Continuous flow of moisture into California's mountains produced extreme snowfall totals during an otherwise unipressive winter there. 114 inches of snow fell at Homewood, 92" at Sierra-at-Tahoe and 77" at Kingvale, for example.[55] Several rounds of severe thunderstorms occurred in Texas during this time period with the Dallas Metro being especially hit hard. Following >4 inches of rain, street flooding was reported.[56][57] The responsible low pressure area was observed to finally move ashore mid-day on the 18,[58] and the Colorado low began forming shortly afterward. In the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains, blizzard warnings were issued March 17 in anticipation of a very heavy snowfall to be accompanied by strong winds.[59] Snowfall totals in NWS Boulder's forecast region peak at 23 inches 4 miles NE of Nederland.[60] Combined with winds gusting >62 mph,[61] widespread blizzard conditions occurred.[62] At Denver's airport over 1,000 flights or ~80% of air traffic that day, were cancelled.[63]

References
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  25. Inc, Pelmorex Weather Networks. "Newfoundland: States of emergency amid 130+ km/h winds, 70+ cm snow". theweathernetwork.com. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
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  56. @StormOfCorn (March 18, 2020). "For the 2nd time in under 60 hours, flash flooding led to trouble in the Dallas area. Here are 5 locations that picked up at least 4" of rain with last night's event in North Texas. Most of these communities are in the Dallas-Fort Worth metro. More storms are expected. #txwx" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  57. @BillWadell (March 18, 2020). "We're finding flooding and street closures in Dallas, Texas this morning after heavy rain overnight. More rain and storms are expected in North Texas over the next 48 hours" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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  60. Boulder, N. W. S. (2020-03-20). "Snowfall totals from 8"-18" in the mountains and foothills with local amounts over 20" in a few spots. Along the I-25 Corridor 5" to 10" around Denver with up to 12" over the Palmer Divide. #cowxpic.twitter.com/XeKDuN7Ler". @NWSBoulder. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  61. Boulder, N. W. S. (2020-03-19). "List of peak wind reports: Akron airport checks in w/the strongest gust of 62 mph . Snow combined w/snow has created widespread blizzard conditions. Numerous locations across the northeast plains have been reporting whiteout or near whiteout conditions. #COwxpic.twitter.com/nMm74ud1jH". @NWSBoulder. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  62. Boulder, N. W. S. [@NWSBoulder] (2020-03-19). "Blizzard conditions exist over a large chunk of northeast Colorado (east of I-25 and over the Palmer Divide). More technical discussion attached in this tweet. #COwxtwitter.com/NWSSPC/status/1240771590301736960 …" (Tweet). Retrieved 2020-03-20 – via Twitter.
  63. "Winter Storm Takes Aim on the Plains, Upper Midwest with Snow and Gusty Winds". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2020-03-20.

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Preceded by
2018–19		 North American winters
2019–20		 Succeeded by
2020–21
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