2009 European Parliament election in Spain

The 2009 European Parliament election in Spain was held on Sunday, 7 June 2009, as part of the EU-wide election to elect the 7th European Parliament. All 50 seats allocated to Spain as per the Treaty of Nice—54 after the Treaty of Lisbon came into force on 1 December 2011—were up for election.

2009 European Parliament election in Spain

7 June 2009
All 54[lower-alpha 1] Spanish seats in the European Parliament
Opinion polls
Registered	35,492,567 2.3%
Turnout	15,935,147 (44.9%) 0.2 pp
First party Second party Third party   Leader Jaime Mayor Oreja Juan Fernando López Aguilar Ramon Tremosa Party PP PSOE CEU Alliance EPP S&D ALDE Leader since 22 April 2004 22 November 2008 24 January 2009 Leader's seat Spain Spain Spain Last election 24 seats, 41.2% 25 seats, 43.5% 2 seats, 5.2% Seats won 24 23 3 Seat change 0 2 1 Popular vote 6,670,377 6,141,784 808,246 Percentage 42.1% 38.8% 5.1% Swing 0.9 pp 4.7 pp 0.1 pp   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader Willy Meyer Francisco Sosa Wagner Oriol Junqueras Party IU–ICV UPyD EdP–V Alliance GUE/NGL NI Greens/EFA Leader since 8 May 2004 3 September 2008 21 February 2009 Leader's seat Spain Spain Spain Last election 2 seats, 4.1% Did not contest 1 seat, 3.4% Seats won 2 1 1 Seat change 0 1 0 Popular vote 588,248 451,866 394,938 Percentage 3.7% 2.9% 2.5% Swing 0.4 pp New party 0.9 pp
Provincial results map for the European Parliament in Spain Autonomous community results map for the European Parliament in Spain

Electoral system

The 50 members of the European Parliament allocated to Spain as per the Treaty of Nice[lower-alpha 1] were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with no threshold being applied in order to be entitled to enter seat distribution. However, the use of the D'Hondt method might result in an effective threshold depending on the district magnitude.[1] Seats were allocated to a single multi-member constituency comprising the entire national territory. Voting was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals and resident non-national European citizens over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights.[2][3][4]

The electoral law provided that parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors were allowed to present lists of candidates. However, they were required to secure the signature of at least 15,000 registered electors. Electors were barred from signing for more than one list of candidates. Parties, federations and coalitions were allowed to replace this requirement with the signature of at least 50 elected officials—deputies, senators, MEPs or members from the legislative assemblies of autonomous communities or from local city councils—. Concurrently, parties and federations intending to enter in coalition to take part jointly at an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days from the election call.[2][3]

Campaign

Parties and slogans

Party or alliance		Candidate	Alliance	Ideology	MEPs before	Refs
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC)	Juan Fernando López Aguilar	S&D	Social democracy	24[lower-alpha 2]	[5] [6]
			Slogan(s): Spanish: Este partido se juega en Europa English: "This match plays out in Europe"
	People's Party (PP)	Jaime Mayor Oreja	EPP	Conservatism Christian democracy	24	[7] [8] [9]
			Slogan(s): Spanish: Ahora soluciones. Ahora PP English: "Solutions now. PP now"
	Coalition for Europe (CEU) Convergence and Union (CiU) Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) Canarian Coalition (CC) Valencian Nationalist Bloc (Bloc) Majorcan Union (UM) Andalusian Party (PA) Menorcan Union (UMe) Democratic Convergence of La Franja (CDF)	Ramon Tremosa	ALDE[lower-alpha 3]	Peripheral nationalism	2[lower-alpha 4]	[10] [11] [12]
			Slogan(s): CiU: Catalan: Ara English: "Now" PNV: Basque: Europara, inoiz baino indar gehiagorekin Spanish: A Europa, con más fuerza que nunca English: "To Europe, with more strength than ever"
	United Left–Initiative for Catalonia Greens: The Left (IU–ICV) United Left (IU) Initiative for Catalonia Greens–United and Alternative Left (ICV–EUiA) United Left–Greens (EB–B) Bloc for Asturias (BA) Republican Left (IR) The Greens of the Balearic Islands (EVIB)	Willy Meyer	GUE/NGL[lower-alpha 5] G/EFA[lower-alpha 6]	Socialism Communism	2[lower-alpha 7]	[13] [14] [15]
			Slogan(s): Spanish: Izquierda Unida, tu voz en Europa English: "United Left, your voice in Europe"
	Europe of the Peoples–Greens (EdP–V) Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) Aralar (Aralar) The Greens (LV) Basque Solidarity (EA) Aragonese Union (CHA) Agreement for Majorca (ExM) Party of El Bierzo (PB)	Oriol Junqueras	G/EFA	Peripheral nationalism	2[lower-alpha 8]	[16] [17] [18] [19]
			Slogan(s): ERC: Catalan: Pròxima estació, Europa English: "Next stop, Europe" BNG: Galician: Imos a Europa, ves? English: "We are going to Europe, are you coming?" Aralar–EA: Basque: Langileen Europa Spanish: La Europa de los trabajadores English: "The Europe of workers"
	Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)	Francisco Sosa Wagner	—	Radical centrism Social liberalism	0	[20] [21]
			Slogan(s): Spanish: Una España fuerte en una Europa unida English: "A strong Spain within a united Europe"
	Internationalist Initiative–Solidarity among Peoples (II–SP) Castilian Left (IzCa) Internationalist Struggle (LI (LIT–CI)) Independentist Left of Aragon (CIA) Red Current (CR) Galician People's Front (FPG)	Alfonso Sastre	—	Revolutionary socialism Left-wing nationalism	0	[22] [23]

Election debates

2009 European Parliament election debates in Spain

Date	Organisers	Moderator(s)	P  Present[lower-alpha 9]    S  Surrogate[lower-alpha 10]    NI  Not invited   A  Absent invitee
			PSOE	PP	CEU	IU–ICV	EdP–V	Audience	Refs
25 May	RTVE	Ana Blanco	P L. Aguilar	P M. Oreja	NI	NI	NI	13.9% (2,653,000)	[24] [25]
1 June	Antena 3	Gloria Lomana	P L. Aguilar	P M. Oreja	NI	NI	NI	10.9% (1,864,000)	[24] [25]
3 June	RTVE	Pepa Bueno	S Jáuregui	S De Grandes	P Tremosa	P Meyer	P Junqueras	8.3% (1,461,000)	[24][25] [26]

Opinion polls

The table below lists voting intention estimates in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a given poll. When available, seat projections are also displayed below the voting estimates in a smaller font.

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size	Turnout			CEU		EdPV			Lead
2009 EP election	7 Jun 2009	N/A	44.9	38.8 21	42.1 23	5.1 2	3.7 2	2.5 1	2.9 1	1.1 0	3.3
PSOE[p 1]	5 Jun 2009	?	45–50	42.4 23	42.7 23	–	3.6 1	–	–	–	0.3
TNS Demoscopia/Antena 3[p 2]	28 May 2009	?	?	39.7 21/22	42.4 22/23	4.8 2	3.9 2	2.4 1	3.1 1	0.8 0	2.7
Metroscopia/El País[p 3]	27–28 May 2009	1,000	45	39.3 21	43.0 22	5.0 2	4.1 2	3.9 2	3.0 1	–	3.7
NC Report/La Razón[p 4]	26–28 May 2009	1,000	?	40.2 21	43.2 23	4.7 2	3.9 2	2.3 1	3.0 1	–	3.0
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[p 5][p 6][p 7]	26–28 May 2009	1,000	39–44	40.6 21/22	42.8 23/24	4.0 2	3.4 1	2.7 1	2.6 1	–	2.2
DYM/ABC[p 8]	25–28 May 2009	1,040	?	38.7 21	40.9 23	5.4 2	3.3 1	1.8 1	2.2 1	–	2.2
Noxa/La Vanguardia[p 9]	25–28 May 2009	1,000	?	42.5 23	40.9 22	4.9 2	3.2 1	2.2 1	3.3 1	–	1.6
Obradoiro de Socioloxía/Público[p 1][p 10]	11–27 May 2009	2,402	?	40.0 21	42.6 23	3.8 2	4.0 2	2.7 1	2.8 1	0.9 0	2.6
PSOE[p 11][p 12]	25 May 2009	2,500	45–48	42.7 23	42.5 23	–	? 1/2	–	? 0	–	0.2
NC Report/La Razón[p 13][p 14]	18–21 May 2009	1,000	40.1	41.0 21/22	43.7 23	4.5 2	3.7 1/2	2.0 1	2.9 1	–	2.7
CIS[p 15][p 16]	29 Apr–17 May 2009	4,692	?	42.8 23	42.2 23	5.1 2	3.1 1	3.6 1	1.3 0	–	0.6
GESOP/El Periódico[p 17]	11–15 May 2009	1,500	?	39.0 21	43.0 23	4.2 2	4.7 2	3.6 1	2.6 1	–	4.0
INVESOP/COPE[p 18]	8 May 2009	1,700	58	40.7 22	44.0 23	? 2	? 1	? 1	? 1	–	3.3
			40	41.1 22	45.1 24	? 2	? 1	? 0	? 1	–	4.0
NC Report/La Razón[p 19]	4–8 May 2009	1,000	42.9	40.0 21	42.8 22/23	4.6 2	5.1 2	2.2 1	3.4 1/2	–	2.8
Obradoiro de Socioloxía/Público[p 20][p 21]	14 Apr–8 May 2009	?	?	40.0 21/22	44.0 23/24	4.0 2	3.5 1	1.7 0	3.7 1/2	–	4.0
NC Report/La Razón[p 22]	20 Apr 2009	?	42.5	39.0 21	43.3 23	4.8 2	5.3 2	2.2 1	3.2 1	–	4.3
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[p 23][p 24]	3–8 Apr 2009	900	?	37.9 20/21	42.3 22/23	4.3 2	5.0 2	2.2 1	4.4 2	–	4.4
Obradoiro de Socioloxía/Público[p 25]	10 Mar–2 Apr 2009	3,204	?	39.0 21	43.5 23	4.8 2	4.9 2	1.9 1	3.2 1	–	4.5
2004 EP election	13 Jun 2004	N/A	45.1	43.5 25	41.2 24	5.1 2	4.1 2	2.5 1	–	–	2.3

Results

Overall

For results by autonomous community/constituency, see Results breakdown of the 2009 European Parliament election in Spain.

← Summary of the 7 June 2009 European Parliament election results in Spain →

Parties and coalitions		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	People's Party (PP)^1	6,670,377	42.12	+0.91	24	±0
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)^1	6,141,784	38.78	–4.68	23	–2
	Coalition for Europe (CEU)^1 ^2	808,246	5.10	–0.12	3	+1
	United Left–Initiative for Catalonia Greens: The Left (IU–ICV)	588,248	3.71	–0.44	2	±0
	Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)	451,866	2.85	New	1	+1
	Europe of the Peoples–Greens (EdP–V)^3	394,938	2.49	–0.95	1	±0
	Internationalist Initiative–Solidarity among Peoples (II–SP)	178,121	1.12	New	0	±0
	The Greens–European Green Group (LV–GVE)	89,147	0.56	+0.12	0	±0
	Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)	41,913	0.26	New	0	±0
	For a Fairer World (PUM+J)	24,507	0.15	+0.09	0	±0
	Libertas–Citizens of Spain (Libertas)	22,903	0.14	New	0	±0
	Anti-capitalist Left–Global Revolt (IzAn–RG)	19,735	0.12	New	0	±0
	Spanish Alternative (AES)	19,583	0.12	New	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)	15,221	0.10	+0.07	0	±0
	Socialist Party of Andalusia (PSA)^4	13,993	0.09	+0.05	0	±0
	Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI)	12,344	0.08	+0.03	0	±0
	Family and Life Party (PFyV)	10,456	0.07	+0.02	0	±0
	Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)	10,144	0.06	–0.02	0	±0
	Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)	10,031	0.06	+0.03	0	±0
	National Democracy (DN)	9,950	0.06	+0.02	0	±0
	Feminist Initiative (IFem)	9,721	0.06	New	0	±0
	National Front (FrN)	7,970	0.05	New	0	±0
	Catalan Republican Party (RC)	7,547	0.05	New	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	7,009	0.04	+0.01	0	±0
	Valencian Union (UV)^5	6,072	0.04	–0.01	0	±0
	Republican Social Movement (MSR)	6,009	0.04	New	0	±0
	Internationalist Solidarity and Self-Management (SAIn)	5,877	0.04	New	0	±0
	Liberal Democratic Centre (CDL)	5,733	0.04	New	0	±0
	Authentic Phalanx (FA)	5,165	0.03	+0.02	0	±0
	United Extremadura (EU)^6	5,007	0.03	+0.02	0	±0
	Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL)	4,767	0.03	+0.01	0	±0
	Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)	3,483	0.02	New	0	±0
	Asturian Nationalist Unity (UNA)	3,183	0.02	New	0	±0
	Andecha Astur (AA)	2,255	0.01	New	0	±0
	Liberal Centrist Union (UCL)	1,991	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
Blank ballots		220,471	1.39	+0.78
Total^1		15,835,767			54	±0
Valid votes		15,835,767	99.38	+0.36
Invalid votes		99,380	0.62	–0.36
Votes cast / turnout		15,935,147	44.90	–0.24
Abstentions		19,557,420	55.10	+0.24
Registered voters		35,492,567
Sources[27][28]

Popular vote PP   42.12% PSOE   38.78% CEU   5.10% IU–ICV   3.71% UPyD   2.85% EdP–V   2.49% II–SP   1.12% Others   2.41% Blank ballots   1.39%

Seats PP   44.44% PSOE   42.59% CEU   5.56% IU–ICV   3.70% UPyD   1.85% EdP–V   1.85%

Distribution by European group

Summary of political group distribution in the 7th European Parliament (2009–2014)[29]

Groups		Parties	Seats	Total	%
	European People's Party (EPP)	People's Party (PP) Democratic Union of Catalonia (UDC)	24 1	25	46.30
	Party of European Socialists (PES)	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	23	23	42.59
	Greens–European Free Alliance (G/EFA)	Initiative for Catalonia Greens (ICV) Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)	1 1	2	3.70
	European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR)	Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	1 1	2	3.70
	European United Left–Nordic Green Left (GUE/NGL)	United Left (IU)	1	1	1.85
	Non-Inscrits (NI)	Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)	1	1	1.85
Total			54	54	100.00

Notes

1. Note that, once the Treaty of Lisbon came into force on 1 December 2011, Spain's MEP delegation was increased from 50 to 54 and applied retroactively.
2. 21 PSOE, 3 PSC.
3. CDC, PNV.
4. 1 CDC, 1 PNV.
5. IU.
6. ICV.
7. 1 IU, 1 ICV.
8. 1 LV, 1 EA.
9. Denotes a main invitee attending the event.
10. Denotes a main invitee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.

References

Opinion poll sources

1. "Los sondeos que maneja el PSOE también dan la victoria a Mayor Oreja". El Imparcial (in Spanish). 5 June 2009.
2. "El PP aventaja a los socialistas en las elecciones europeas". Antena 3 (in Spanish). 28 May 2009.
3. "El PP aventaja al PSOE por 3,7 puntos". El País (in Spanish). 31 May 2009.
4. "Encuestas. La Razón (1 junio 2009)". euskadi.es (in Spanish). 1 June 2009.
5. "El PP supera al PSOE en 2,2 puntos a una semana del 7-J". El Mundo (in Spanish). 31 May 2009.
6. "Intención de voto al Parlamento Europeo". El Mundo (in Spanish). 31 May 2009.
7. "El PP gana al PSOE en votos y escaños". El Mundo (in Spanish). 31 May 2009.
8. "El PP aventaja al PSOE en dos puntos a una semana de las elecciones europeas". ABC (in Spanish). 31 May 2009.
9. "PP y PSOE encaran las europeas en un apretado e incierto codo a codo". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 31 May 2009.
10. "El PSOE se acerca al PP". Público (in Spanish). 31 May 2009. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009.
11. "Una encuesta del PSOE pronostica un empate a 23 escaños con el PP". Público (in Spanish). 29 May 2009.
12. "Las encuestas del PSOE pronostican un empate con el PP a 23 escaños". Estrella Digital (in Spanish). 1 June 2009.
13. "Encuesta de NC Report para LA RAZÓN: El PSOE pierde más de un millón de votos y al menos tres escaños". La Razón (in Spanish). 25 May 2009.
14. "Encuestas. La Razón (25 mayo 2009)". euskadi.es (in Spanish). 25 May 2009.
15. "Pre-electoral elecciones al Parlamento Europeo, 2009 (Estudio nº 2800. Abril-Mayo 2009)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 21 May 2009.
16. "El CIS señala un empate". ABC (in Spanish). 22 May 2009.
17. "Un PP al alza se perfila como claro ganador de los comicios del 7-J". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 24 May 2009.
18. "Macroencuesta COPE: Mayor Oreja supera en valoración a López Aguilar". COPE (in Spanish). 8 May 2009. Archived from the original on 11 May 2009.
19. "Encuesta de NC Report para LA RAZÓN: El PP superaría al PSOE en medio millón de votos en las europeas". La Razón (in Spanish). 11 May 2009. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
20. "El PP aventaja al PSOE en cuatro puntos". Público (in Spanish). 9 May 2009. Archived from the original on 15 May 2009.
21. "Encuestas. Público (11 mayo 2009)". euskadi.es (in Spanish). 11 May 2009.
22. "El PP gana al PSOE en Europa". La Razón (in Spanish). 20 April 2009. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
23. "El PP supera en 4,4 puntos al PSOE ante las europeas". El Mundo (in Spanish). 12 April 2009.
24. "Macroencuesta de El Mundo-Sigma Dos. Valoración sobre elecciones europeas". El Mundo (in Spanish). 11 April 2009.
25. "El PP parte con ventaja". Público (in Spanish). 12 April 2009. Archived from the original on 13 April 2009.

Other

1. Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
2. "General Electoral System Organic Law of 1985". Organic Law No. 5 of 19 June 1985. Official State Gazette (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 March 2017.
3. "Representation of the people Institutional Act". www.juntaelectoralcentral.es. Central Electoral Commission. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
4. "Treaty of Nice amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts". Act of 10 March 2001. Official Journal of the European Communities. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
5. "López Aguilar hace campaña por las europeas mientras el PP sigue sin candidato". Libertad Digital (in Spanish). 22 November 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
6. "7-J.- PSOE propone una campaña "europea, moderna y movilizadora" bajo el lema de que "Este partido se juega en Europa"". Europa Press (in Spanish). 18 May 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
7. Marcos, Pilar (23 April 2004). "El PP designa a Mayor para que encabece su lista en las elecciones al Parlamento Europeo". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
8. Ximénez de Sandoval, Pablo (5 January 2009). "Rajoy deja en manos del PP más duro la campaña de las europeas". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
9. "El PP centrará su campaña en ofrecer "soluciones" a la crisis". Europa Press (in Spanish). 2 May 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
10. Foguet, Joan (13 January 2009). "Mas sustituye a Guardans por un soberanista en las listas europeas". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
11. "CDC ratifica a Tremosa con la abstención de Guardans". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. 25 January 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
12. "CiU se vuelca en Internet para combatir la "campaña de la vergüenza" del PSC". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 22 May 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
13. Agencias (8 May 2004). "Willy Meyer será el candidato de IU a las elecciones europeas". Cadena SER (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
14. Agencia EFE (21 February 2009). "La dirección de IU proclama a Willy Meyer como cabeza de lista para las europeas". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
15. "Zaragoza.- Izquierda Unida presentará mañana en Mallén (Zaragoza) sus propuestas para el Parlamento europeo". Europa Press (in Spanish). 18 May 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
16. Cazorla, Bertran (22 February 2009). "ERC aprueba la candidatura europea de Junqueras". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
17. "'Próxima estación, Europa', lema de campaña de ERC". El Mundo (in Spanish). 15 May 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
18. "Guillerme Vázquez: "Co BNG, Galiza e os seus problemas estarán presentes en Europa"". Vieiros (in Galician). 22 May 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
19. "EA y Aralar inician hoy la campaña por respetar la jornada de huelga de ayer". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 22 May 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
20. "Sosa Wagner encabezará la candidatura europea de UPyD, el partido de Rosa Díez". La Nueva España (in Spanish). Oviedo. 3 September 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
21. "UPyD inicia su precampaña en Extremadura abogando por una "España fuerte en una Europa unida"". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 5 May 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
22. "El Supremo anula la lista de Iniciativa Internacionalista para las elecciones del 7-J". El Mundo (in Spanish). 16 May 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
23. "El Constitucional permite presentarse a la lista anulada por el Supremo". El País (in Spanish). 21 May 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
24. "López Aguilar y Mayor Oreja afrontan en TVE su primer debate por las elecciones europeas". Cadena SER (in Spanish). 25 May 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
25. "El debate a cinco sobre las elecciones europeas, peor que los dos 'cara a cara'". El Mundo (in Spanish). 4 June 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
26. "Los temas nacionales eclipsan una vez más el debate de las europeas". Cadena SER (in Spanish). 4 June 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
27. "Electoral Results Consultation. European Parliament. June 2009. National totals". www.infoelectoral.mir.es (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
28. "European election 7 June 2009". historiaelectoral.com (in Spanish). Electoral History. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
29. "Parlamento Europeo: Distribución de los Eurodiputados españoles en grupos parlamentarios". historiaelectoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 March 2017.

External links

• European elections Spain in Europe Politique.