Zygophyllaceae

Zygophyllaceae is a family of flowering plants that contains the bean-caper and caltrop. The family includes around 285 species in 22 genera.[2]

Zygophyllaceae
Larrea tridentata
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Zygophyllales
Family: Zygophyllaceae
R.Br.
Subfamilies

Larreoideae
Morkillioideae
Seetzenioideae
Tribuloideae
Zygophylloideae

Synonyms

Plants in the family Zygophyllaceae may be trees, shrubs, or herbs. They are often found in dry habitats. The leaves are usually opposite, often with stipules and spines. Some are cultivated as ornamental plants, such as Guaiacum, Zygophyllum, Tribulus, and Larrea species.[3] King Clone, a creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) in California, is among the oldest living organisms.

Genera
Subfamily Larreoideae
Subfamily Morkillioideae
  • Morkillia Rose & J.H.Painter
  • Sericodes A.Gray
  • Viscainoa Greene[6]
Subfamily Seetzenioideae
  • Seetzenia R.Br. ex Decne.[7]
Subfamily Tribuloideae
Subfamily Zygophylloideae[9]
Unplaced
  • Metharme Phil. ex Engl.
  • Plectrocarpa Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.[10]

Peganum was in Zygophyllaceae before being moved to the newly created family Nitrariaceae.

Systematics

In the APG III system of classification, the families Zygophyllaceae and Krameriaceae compose the order Zygophyllales. In the previous version of their classification system, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group had included the option of placing Krameria within Zygophyllaceae.

Zygophyllaceae are divided into five subfamilies. Molecular phylogenies of the family were published in 2000[11] and 2018.[12] Phylogenies of groups within the family, particularly the predominantly southern African species of Zygophylloideae have also been published.[13][14][15]

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships:[9][11]

Zygophyllales
 

Krameriaceae (outgroup)

 
Zygophyllaceae
 
Morkillioideae
 

Sericodes

 
 
 

Viscainoa

 
 

Morkillia

 
 
 
Tribuloideae
 

Sisyndite

 
 
 

Neoluederitzia

 
 
 

Balanites

 
 
 

Kallstroemia

 
 
 

Tribulopis

 
 
 

Kelleronia

 
 

Tribulus

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Seetzenioideae

Seetzenia

 
 
Larreoideae
 

Guaiacum

 
 
 

Porlieria

 
 
 

Bulnesia

 
 
 

Pintoa

 
 

Larrea

 
 
 
 
 
Zygophylloideae
 

Tetraena

 
 
 

Zygophyllum sensu stricto

 
 
 

Roepera

 
 
 

Augea

 
 
 

Melocarpum

 
 

Fagonia

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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References
  1. "Zygophyllaceae R. Br., nom. cons". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-01-17. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
  2. Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
  3. Zygophyllaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.
  4. Navarro G. (1997). "Izozogia nellii (Zygophyllaceae), nuevo género y especie del Gran Chaco de Santa Cruz (Bolivia)" [Izozogia nellii (Zygophyllaceae), a new genus and species from the Gran Chaco de Santa Cruz (Bolivia)]. Novon. 7 (1): 1–5. doi:10.2307/3392062. JSTOR 3392062.
  5. "Genera of Zygophyllaceae subfam. Larreoideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
  6. "Genera of Zygophyllaceae subfam. Morkillioideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
  7. "Genera of Zygophyllaceae subfam. Seetzenioideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
  8. "Genera of Zygophyllaceae subfam. Tribuloideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
  9. Beier, B.-A.; Chase, M. W. & Thulin, M. (2003), "Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of subfamily Zygophylloideae (Zygophyllaceae) based on molecular and morphological data", Plant Systematics and Evolution, 240 (1–4): 11–39, doi:10.1007/s00606-003-0007-0
  10. "Genera of Zygophyllaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
  11. Sheahan MC, Chase MW. (2000). "Phylogenetic Relationships within Zygophyllaceae Based on DNA Sequences of Three Plastid Regions, with Special Emphasis on Zygophylloideae". Syst Bot. 25 (2): 371–384. doi:10.2307/2666648. JSTOR 2666648.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  12. Wu, Sheng-Dan; Zhang, Lin-Jing; Lin, Li; Yu, Sheng-Xiang; Chen, Zhi-Duan; Wang, Wei (2018). "Insights into the historical assembly of global dryland floras: the diversification of Zygophyllaceae". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 18 (1). doi:10.1186/s12862-018-1277-z. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 6234786.
  13. Bellstedt, D.U.; van Zyl, L.; Marais, E.M.; Bytebier, B.; de Villiers, C.A.; Makwarela, A.M.; Dreyer, L.L. (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships, character evolution and biogeography of southern African members of Zygophyllum (Zygophyllaceae) based on three plastid regions". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (3): 932–949. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.019. ISSN 1055-7903.
  14. Bellstedt, Dirk U.; Galley, Chloé; Pirie, Michael D.; Linder, H. Peter (2012). "The Migration of the Palaeotropical Arid Flora: Zygophylloideae as an Example". Systematic Botany. 37 (4): 951–959. doi:10.1600/036364412X656608. ISSN 0363-6445.
  15. Lauterbach, Maximilian; van der Merwe, Pieter de Wet; Keßler, Lisa; Pirie, Michael D.; Bellstedt, Dirk U.; Kadereit, Gudrun (2016). "Evolution of leaf anatomy in arid environments – A case study in southern African Tetraena and Roepera (Zygophyllaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 97: 129–144. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.01.002. ISSN 1055-7903.


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