Zhang Yi (Junsi)
Zhang Yi (c. 167[lower-alpha 1] – 230), courtesy name Junsi, was an official of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China.
Zhang Yi | |
|---|---|
張裔 | |
| General Who Assists Han (輔漢將軍) | |
| In office 229 – 230 | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| Chief Clerk to the Imperial Chancellor (丞相長史) | |
| In office 228 – 230 | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| Chancellor | Zhuge Liang |
| Colonel of Trainee Archers (射聲校尉) | |
| In office 228 – 230 | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| Chancellor | Zhuge Liang |
| Administrator of Yizhou (Commandery) (益州太守) | |
| In office 223 – 228 | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| Chancellor | Zhuge Liang |
| Administrator of Ba Commandery (巴郡太守) | |
| In office 214 – ? | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 167 Chengdu, Sichuan |
| Died | 230 (aged 63) |
| Children |
|
| Occupation | Official |
| Courtesy name | Junsi (君嗣) |
Serving the Yi Province government
Zhang Yi was from Chengdu, the capital of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing). He started his official career after Liu Zhang, the Governor of Yi Province, nominated him as a xiaolian (civil service candidate). Between 212 and 214, when conflict broke out between Liu Zhang and another warlord Liu Bei, Liu Zhang sent Zhang Yi to Deyang County to block Liu Bei's reinforcements from entering Yi Province. However, Liu Bei's general Zhang Fei defeated the force led by Zhang Yi, who was forced to return to Chengdu. In 214, as Liu Bei's forces besieged Liu Zhang in Chengdu, Liu Zhang sent Zhang Yi as his envoy to negotiate the terms of surrender with Liu Bei. Liu Bei promised that he would treat Liu Zhang well if he surrendered, which Liu Zhang did.
Liu Bei's adviser, Zhuge Liang, named Zhang Yi as one of the most capable officials who served under Liu Zhang, and urged Liu Bei to employ him. Liu Bei then appointed Zhang Yi as the Administrator (太守) of Ba Commandery (巴郡). In late 222 or early 223, after Liu Bei lost the Battle of Xiaoting against his ally-turned-rival Sun Quan, the local tribes in southern Yizhou Commandery (益州郡; covering parts of present-day Yunnan), led by Yong Kai (雍闓), started a rebellion. Yong Kai and the rebels captured Zhang Yi but did not dare to kill him and instead sent him as a captive to Sun Quan, who did not bother to see Zhang Yi and had him directly thrown into prison.
As a prisoner of Wu
Around 223, when the states of Shu Han and Eastern Wu reestablished their alliance against their rival state Cao Wei, Zhuge Liang, who had become Imperial Chancellor of Shu, sent Deng Zhi as an envoy to Wu to meet its ruler, Sun Quan. One of Deng Zhi's tasks was to seek the release of Zhang Yi and bring him back to Shu. Only then did Sun Quan meet Zhang Yi for the first time. During the farewell banquet he held before sending Deng Zhi off, Sun Quan spoke to Zhang Yi and was very impressed with him. Later, after Zhang Yi left with Deng Zhi, Sun Quan regretted letting Zhang Yi leave because he wanted to recruit Zhang Yi to serve under him. He then sent his men to pursue them and bring Zhang Yi back, but Zhang Yi already sensed that Sun Quan did not want to let him leave, had sped up his journey upon leaving Wu and returned to Shu just one day ahead of Sun Quan's men.
Service in the Chancellor's office
After his return to Shu, Zhang Yi served as an Army Adviser under Zhuge Liang and as an Assistant Officer at General Headquarters in Yi Province. Around 227, when Zhuge Liang launched the first of a series of military campaigns against Shu's rival state Wei, he appointed Zhang Yi as Colonel of Trainee Archers (射聲校尉) and Chief Clerk (長史) in the Imperial Chancellor's office. Zhang Yi did not join Zhuge Liang at the frontline and instead took charge of communications between Zhuge Liang and the Shu central government in Chengdu. As Zhuge Liang wanted to review everything before making a decision, Zhang Yi had to travel north to Hanzhong Commandery, where Zhuge Liang was stationed, to seek his opinion on key policy issues. As Zhang Yi left Chengdu, hundreds of people lined the streets to bid him farewell.
In his later career, Zhang Yi was appointed as General Who Assists Han (輔漢將軍) but remained as Chief Clerk in Zhuge Liang's office. He died in 230 at around the age of 63. His two sons, Zhang Mu (張毣) and Zhang Yu (張郁), continued serving as officials in Shu.
Notes
- According to the Sanguozhi, Zhang Yi, who conversing with Sun Quan prior to his release, stated, "At 57, I have already outlived my parents." This implies, but does not definitely show that he was 57 when Sun Quan released him, which was probably in 223 since that was the year when Deng Zhi visited Sun Quan, according to the Zizhi Tongjian vol. 70
References
- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).