Zealandia (wildlife sanctuary)

Zealandia, formerly known as the Karori Wildlife Sanctuary,[1] is a protected natural area in Wellington, New Zealand, the first urban completely fenced ecosanctuary,[2] where the biodiversity of 225 ha (just under a square mile) of forest is being restored. The sanctuary was previously part of the water catchment area for Wellington, between Wrights Hill (bordering Karori) and the Brooklyn wind turbine on Polhill.

Map of Zealandia

Zealandia
Karori Wildlife Sanctuary
Zealandia on the edge of suburban Wellington
TypeWildlife sanctuary
LocationWellington, New Zealand
Coordinates41.290817°S 174.753377°E / -41.290817; 174.753377
Area225 hectares (560 acres)
Created1999 (1999)
Operated byKarori Sanctuary Trust
OpenAll year around except 25 December
Websitehttps://www.visitzealandia.com/

Most of New Zealand's ecosystems have been severely modified by the introduction of land mammals that were not present during the evolution of its ecosystems, and have had a devastating impact on both native flora and fauna. The sanctuary, surrounded by a pest-exclusion fence, is a good example of an ecological island, which allows the original natural ecosystems to recover by minimising the impact of introduced flora and flora.

The sanctuary has become a significant tourist attraction in Wellington and is responsible for the greatly increased number of sightings of species such as tui and kākā in city's suburbs.

Sometimes described as the world's first mainland island sanctuary in an urban environment,[3][4] the sanctuary has inspired many similar projects throughout New Zealand, with predator-proof fences now protecting the biodiversity of many other areas of forest. Examples include the 7.7 hectare lowland podocarp forest remnant of Riccarton bush/ Putaringamotu, the 98 hectare Bushy Park and, the 3500 hectare Maungatautari Restoration Project enclosing an entire mountain.

History
Visitor Centre

Historically about 60% of the Wellington region was covered with broadleaf forest. Karaka, kohekohe, ngaio and nikau trees were common but there were also rata, rewarewa and tawa with occasional podocarps like kahikatea and rimu.[5] The whole sanctuary valley was covered with this sort of forest until European settlement of the area and the large fires in 1850 and 1860 that cleared the land to be used for farming. The lower reservoir, retained by an earth dam, was completed in 1878.[6] Parts of the area continued to be farmed up until 1906 when the remaining catchment was purchased for the water works.[6] The upper reservoir, retained by a concrete gravity arch dam, was completed in 1908.[7] From this point, as the whole valley was a protected water catchment area for Wellington city, the slopes were re-vegetated with introduced trees and the native forest also began regenerating. The upper dam was decommissioned as a reservoir about 1991, the lower one in 1997.[6]

Jim Lynch promoted the idea of a wildlife sanctuary. The "Natural Wellington" project identified the reservoir catchment as having special significance because it is a large self-contained habitat suitable for a wide variety of native plants and animals. In 1993 a feasibility study was carried out by the Wellington regional and city councils and after public consultation in 1994, the idea of a sanctuary was given the go-ahead. The Karori Wildlife Sanctuary Trust was formed in mid-1995 to implement the proposed 'mainland island' wildlife sanctuary.[8][9]

Pest-exclusion fence
A stretch of the fence

The most crucial aspect of the sanctuary is a pest-exclusion fence, designed to exclude fourteen species of non-native land mammals ranging from deer to mice, which encircles the 8.6 km perimeter of the Sanctuary.[10] Construction of the fence was completed in late 1999 and all mammalian pests within the perimeter were then eradicated over a nine-month period. This predator-proof fence is of great conservation significance, being a world first.[11]

Species to be excluded by the fence

The fence design was arrived at after trials with the various species to be excluded.[12] Its main features are a small mesh size (to exclude animals down to the size of a mouse), a curved top-cap (to prevent animals climbing over) and an underground foot (to prevent animals burrowing underneath).[10]

  • Mesh size
  • Top cap detail
  • Footer
Example of a small defect in fence mesh

In terms of its meeting conservation goals, the sanctuary has met with considerable success due to the design of the perimeter fence. The fence and ongoing monitoring have successfully kept the sanctuary free of all but the smallest species – the house mouse. It is thought that small defects in the fence mesh (damaged during construction) allowed mice to re-enter the sanctuary. Modifications to the fence have been considered in an attempt to permanently exclude mice, but meanwhile, mouse numbers are monitored and controlled. There have been occasional breaches of the fence by weasels and rats, these occasional incursions are not unexpected (for example resulting from storm damage bringing trees down upon the fence), and are picked up by on-going monitoring with tracking tunnels.[13][14]

Restoration
Lower Karori Reservoir looking north-east
Upper Karori Reservoir

The flora and fauna in the sanctuary are recovering from its pre-managed degraded state. Although the original primary forest has been regenerating since 1906, it is still only in the early stages of succession with small hardy trees such as mahoe dominating. Members of the original flora that are missing from the site, or rare, include large podocarp species such as rimu, matai, miro, kahikatea, and totara, are being re-established. Northern rātā has also virtually disappeared from the valley and a number of seedlings have been planted. A wide variety of native trees, of benefit to native fauna, is already present including a mature colony of the New Zealand tree fuchsia, Fuchsia excorticata.

Species
Toutouwai, one of the many birds free to breed in the sanctuary and re-populate the surrounding environment
  • Native birds that have been released in the sanctuary since 2000 include:
    • Bellbird, New Zealand (korimako) (Anthornis melanura)
    • Brown teal (pāteke) (Anas chlorotis) (4 pair released 2000-11-03)
    • Kākā, North Island (Nestor meridionalis) (3 released 2002-08-24)
    • Kākāriki, red-fronted parakeet (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) (23 released 2010-July-02)
    • Little spotted kiwi (kiwi pukupuku) (Apteryx owenii) (20 released 2000-07-04)
    • Pigeon, New Zealand (kererū) (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) (10 released 2002 to 2005)
    • Robin, North Island (toutouwai) (Petroica longipes) (40 released 2001-05-11)
    • Saddleback, North Island (tīeke) (Philesturnus rufusater) (39 released 2002-06-16)
    • Scaup, New Zealand (papango) (Aythya novaeseelandiae) (1 pair released 2002-05-03)
    • Stitchbird (hihi) (Notiomystis cincta) (30 released 2005-02-17)
    • Takahē, South Island (Porphyrio hochstetteri) (2 released 2011-01-28)
    • Tomtit, North Island (miromiro) (Petroica macrocephala toitoi)
    • Weka, North Island (Gallirallus australis) (4 pair released 2000-06-16)
    • Whitehead (pōpokatea) (Mohoua ochrocephala) (released 2001, 2002)
    • Rifleman (tītipounamu) (Acanthisitta chloris) (60 birds released 2019)
  • Other native animals that have been released since 2000 include:
    • 70 tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, from Stephens Island (released December 2005).
    • 100 giant weta
    • 21 Maud Island frogs (2006)
    • Spotted skink (Oligosoma kokowai) (2016)
    • 200 New Zealand freshwater mussel (kākahi) (2018)[15]
  • Other native species that are naturalised without needing transfers from outside the area include:
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References
  1. "Wildlife reserve our new Zealandia". The Dominion Post. Fairfax New Zealand. 3 December 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  2. "Home - Zealandia". ZELANDIA Home. ZELANDIA. Retrieved 3 October 2018. ZEALANDIA is the world’s first fully-fenced urban ecosanctuary
  3. Helen Clark (7 December 2005). "Karori Wildlife Sanctuary Trust 10 year anniversary". www.beehive.govt.nz. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  4. Kate Guthrie (4 August 2016). "Doing the sums – what are the best predator control options?". Predator free NZ. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  5. Bain, Helen (November 2006). "Natural Capital". Forest & Bird. Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand Inc. (322): 33–35. ISSN 0015-7384.
  6. New Zealand Historic Places Trust. "Lower Karori Dam". The Register. New Zealand Historic Places Trust. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  7. "The New Reservoir". LXXV (62). Evening Post. 13 March 1908: 3. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. Lynch, Jim (February 1995). "Back to the Future". Forest & Bird. Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand Inc. (275): 12–19. ISSN 0015-7384.
  9. Lynch, Jim. "Jim's story: the founding of Karori Sanctuary Trust". www.visitzealandia.com. Karori Wildlife sanctuary Trust. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  10. "Zealandia Karori Sanctuary Wellington New Zealand Our Fence". Karori Sanctuary Trust website. Karori Wildlife Sanctuary Trust. 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  11. David Attenborough (November 2000). State of the Planet. BBC Natural History Unit. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  12. Karori Wildlife Sanctuary Trust (1 November 1999). "Pest Eradication – main stage complete" (PDF). Press release 1 November 1999. Karori Wildlife Sanctuary Trust. p. 3. Retrieved 1 August 2017. remove ... (possums, norway rats and ship rats, mice, hedgehogs, wild cats, rabbits, hares, stoats, weasels, ferrets, goats, pigs and fallow deer)
  13. McIntosh-Ward, Nancy (9 July 2004). "Karori Wildlife Sanctuary Biosecurity Programme Detects Weasel". Press releases. Karori Wildlife Sanctuary Trust. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  14. "Sanctuary showdown: intruder apprehended". Press releases. Karori Wildlife Sanctuary Trust. 22 February 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  15. Louise Slocombe (21 August 2018). "Meet our Newest Arrivals". ZEALANDIA. ZEALANDIA. Retrieved 17 October 2018. Two hundred kākahi (New Zealand freshwater mussels) have just been translocated from Wairarapa Moana and the Parangarahu lakes to the Upper Lake with the help of iwi partners,
  16. Romijn, Richard (22 December 2004). "More species of lizards found in Karori Wildlife Sanctuary". Press releases. Karori Wildlife Sanctuary Trust. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
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