Yanmen Pass

Yanmen Pass, also known by its Chinese name Yanmenguan and as Xixingguan, is a mountain pass which includes three fortified gatehouses along the Great Wall of China. The area was a strategic choke point in ancient and medieval China, controlling access between the valleys of central Shanxi and the Eurasian Steppe. This made it the scene of various important battles, extending into World War II, and the area around the gatehouses and this stretch of the Great Wall is now a AAAAA-rated tourist attraction. The scenic area is located just outside Yanmenguan Village in Yanmenguan Township in Dai County, Xinzhou City, Shanxi Province, China.[1]

"Yanmen" redirects here. For other uses, see Yanmen (disambiguation).

Yanmen Pass
The Great Wall of China at Yanmen Pass, overlooked by a pagoda
LocationShanxi, China
Coordinates39°11′13″N 112°51′48″E
Yanmen Pass
Traditional Chinese雁門關
鴈門關
Simplified Chinese雁门关
PostalYenmen Pass
Literal meaningWild-Goose Gate Pass
Yanmenguan Township
Traditional Chinese雁門關鄉
鴈門關鄉
Simplified Chinese雁门关乡
Yanmenguan Village
Traditional Chinese雁門關村
鴈門關村
Simplified Chinese雁门关村
Other names
Xixing Pass
Traditional Chinese西陘關
Simplified Chinese西陉关
Former names
Shangtian
Traditional Chinese上田鄉
Simplified Chinese上田乡
Literal meaningUpper Fields Township
Upon-the-Fields Township
Baicaokou
Traditional Chinese白草口鄉
Simplified Chinese白草口乡
Literal meaningWhite-Grass Mouth Township

Name

Yanmen Pass, sometimes translated in English to Wild Goose Pass[2] or Wildgoose Gate,[3] is named after the wild geese who migrate through the area.[1] Yànménguān is the pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of the Chinese placename written as 雁門關 or 鴈門關 in traditional characters and as 雁门关 in the simplified characters now used in mainland China. The same name was formerly written as Yen-mên-kuan in the Wade-Giles system and as Yenmen Pass by the Chinese Post Office.[4]

Geography

Yanmen is a pass in the Gouzhu or Yanmen[5] Mountains (a western extension of the Hengshan Range) between the Sanggan River (or Datong) Basin and the Hutuo River (or Xin ding) Basin.[6] The mountains form a natural climatic border, as well, with the Hutuo Valley's milder climate supporting rice cultivation and the Sanggan's colder and drier climate and more saline soil being less conducive to Chinese agriculture.[6] The village of Yanmenguan is about 20 kilometers (10 mi) from the county seat Shangguan (Daixian) and about 180 kilometers (110 mi) northeast of the provincial capital Taiyuan.[1] Once far distant, it now lies near the outskirts of the expanding metropolis of Datong to its northeast.[7]

History

Ancient China

King Yong of Zhao (posthumously known as the "Wuling" or "Martial-and-Numinous King") invaded and conquered the lands of the Loufan (t 樓煩, s 楼烦, Lóufán) and "forest nomads" (林胡, Línhú) tribes of northern Shanxi[8] in 306 and 304 BC. He organized these conquests as the commanderies of Yunzhong, Yanmen, and Dai and, by around 300 BC, had begun erecting earthen defensive works to protect his new holdings from other nomads from the Eurasian steppelands.[8][9] Although Zhao's Yanmen Commandery was named after the pass, whose premodern importance for accessing the valleys of central Shanxi caused it to be scene of many battles throughout Chinese history,[1] the ramparts raised under King Yong did not run through it but along the northern extent of his territory closer to Hohhot in Inner Mongolia.[10][11] Yanmen itself was defended, but by a fort and garrison on a local hill.[1]

Imperial China

At some point during the reign of the First Emperor of Qin (221–210 BC), a Chu noble named Ban Yi (斑 or 班壹, Bān Yī) fled north to the Loufan near Yanmen.[12] By the early Han Dynasty, his clan had grown rich through herding and trading thousands of heads of cattle and horses,[13] to the point that they may have formed a microstate of their own.[14] The example of their success encouraged greater Chinese settlement of the frontier around Yanmen.[13] The markets were not always safe: In the fall of 129 BC, 40,000 horsemen of the Han Empire massacred the Xiongnu trading at markets along the frontier;[15] (The heavy defeats of Li Guang and Gongsun Ao near Yanmen, however, had them narrowly escape execution through the payment of large fines and their demotion to common status.) The next year[16] or the year after,[15] Wei Qing and 30,000 men rode north from Yanmen and defeated the Xiongnu left in the area,[16] taking control of the entire Ordos Loop.[15] 100,000 Chinese were sent to colonize the area.[15] In 127 BC, the Xiongnu defeated and killed the governor of Liaoxi; Han Anguo (t 韓安國, s 韩安国, Hán Ānguó) tried to hold them near Yanmen with 700 men but was defeated and forced to withdraw to Yuyang.[17] Wei Qing and Li Xi returned to the area in force, capturing some Xiongnu and forcing the rest to withdraw beyond the frontier.[17] The Ban clan ultimately left the tumultuous area and used their accumulated wealth to rise to prominence among the officials of the Eastern Han by the 1st century AD.[18]

A line of the Great Wall was finally built through the pass by the Northern Qi in AD 557.[19] It was part of a massive public works project involving more than 1.8 million laborers ordered by the emperor Gao Yang (posthumously known as the "Wenxuan" or "Civil-&-Responsible Emperor"), intended to protect his realm from the Northern Zhou.[19] As with the later Ming Great Wall, the Northern Qi's Yanmen wall formed an inner line of defense; it was repaired and expanded in 565.[19] Despite its strong defenses, the state itself fell into chaos and was consumed by the Northern Zhou in the late 570s. The retired emperor Yuwen Chan (posthumously known as the "Xuan" or "Responsible Emperor"), acting on behalf of his young successor Yuwen Yun (posthumously the "Jing" or "Silent Emperor"), refortified the wall between Yanmen and Jieshi in 579 to protect China from the Blue Turks and the Khitans.[19] Upon Yuwen Chan's death in 580, his father-in-law Yang Jian seized power, eventually declaring himself the first emperor of the Sui.[19]

The Sui (581–618) regarded the Great Wall as an essential line of defense and ordered large-scale repairs 7 times, but their successors the Tang (618–907) expanded China far to its north, and allowed it to fall into disuse and decay.[19] Following the collapse of the Tang, most of the lands around Shanxi were controlled from Taiyuan as the Northern Han. Zhao Kuangyin (posthumously known as "Emperor Taizu" or "the Great Ancestor") unified most of China as the Song Empire prior to his death in 976, and his brother and successor Zhao Jiong (posthumously "Emperor Taizong", also meaning "the Great Ancestor") invaded the Northern Han in 978 and conquered it the next year. In 980, roughly 100,000 nomad horsemen of the Khitan Empire (known to the Chinese as the Liao) invaded Shanxi under their general Li Chonghui (t 李重誨, s 李重诲, Lǐ Chónghuì) and on behalf of their defeated allies. Arriving before Yanmen, Li and his men were encircled and catastrophically defeated by the Song generals Yang Ye and Pan Mei[20] outside the fortress at Baicao Lingkou.[21] The victory killed the Khitan emperor's brother-in-law Xiao Chuoli (t 蕭啜裏, s 萧啜里, Xiāo Chuòlǐ), won Song innumerable horses and war equipment, and secured its new conquests and northern border.[20]

Under the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty, the great khan nominally controlled the peoples on both sides of the wall and its fortifications were fallen into disrepair.[1] Under the Ming, it was reconstructed as part of the Inner Great Wall in 1374 and these are the defensive works seen today.[1] It is one of the few stone stretches of the wall left in Shanxi.[21]

Modern China

During the Second Sino-Japanese War (the Chinese theater of World War II), He Bingyan led[22] the 716th Regiment of his 358th Brigade of He Long's 120th Division of the Eighth Route Army in an ambush the Imperial Japanese Army forces at Yanmen Pass on 18 October 1937 as part of the ongoing battles of Xinkou. The regiment killed 300 Japanese and destroyed 20 vehicles, then held the area as part of an attempt to cut Japanese lines of supply and communication as they pushed forward to Taiyuan.[23] There was a skirmish during the night of 20 October, then an assault on a second supply column the next day. This supposedly took out around 200 Japanese and "hundreds" of vehicles.[23] The Japanese were then obliged to begin air assaults and dedicate the Ushiromiya Division to push He's men further north.[23]

Following the war, Yanmen Pass was reckoned as part of the boundary of China's "Third Front", which was used by national authorities in planning infrastructure investment and military defenses. Yanmen Township was created in 2001 from the merger of parts of some of Dai County's smaller settlements, particularly Shangtian and Baicaokou. The Yanmen Pass Scenic Area was named a AAAAA attraction by the China National Tourism Administration in 2017.[24]

Administrative divisions

Yanmenguan Township oversees Yanmenguan and 27 other villages:[25]

NameSimp.Trad.Pinyin
Shangtian上田村上田村Shàngtiáncūn
Dianshang殿上村殿上村Diànshǎngcūn
Chenjiazhuang陈家庄村陳家莊村Chénjiāzhuāng Cūn
Xiduan西段村西段村Xīduàncūn
Beixinzhuang北新庄村北新莊村Běixīnzhuāng Cūn
Yezhuang野庄村野莊村Yězhuāngcūn
Beiwangzhuang北王庄村北王莊村Běiwángzhuāng Cūn
Zhangjiahe张家河村張家河村Zhāngjiāhé Cūn
Xiwa Yaotou西瓦窑头村西瓦窯頭村Xīwǎ Yáotóu Cūn
Qianyaopu前腰铺村前腰鋪村Qiányāopù Cūn
Nankou南口村南口村Nánkǒucūn
Taihe Lingkou太和岭口村太和嶺口村Tàihé Lǐngkǒu Cūn
Shidaoshi试刀石村試刀石村Shìdāoshí Cūn
Baicaokou白草口村白草口村Báicǎokǒu Cūn
Qinzhuang秦庄村秦莊村Qínzhuāngcūn
Wangzhuang王庄村王莊村Wángzhuāngcūn
Xiaogou小沟村小溝村Xiǎogōucūn
Dongshuiquan东水泉村東水泉村Dōngshuǐquán Cūn
Zhaozhuang赵庄村趙莊村Zhàozhuāngcūn
Mabu Daigou麻布袋沟村麻布袋溝村Mábù Dàigōu Cūn
Houyaopu后腰铺村後腰鋪村Hòuyāopù Cūn
Gao'ergou高二沟村高二溝村Gāo'èrgōu Cūn
Yanmenguan雁门关村鴈門關村
鴈門關村		Yànménguān Cūn
Dayugou大峪沟村大峪溝村Dàyùgōu Cūn
Liulin柳林村柳林村Liǔlíncūn
Laoxinggou老杏沟村老杏溝村Lǎoxìnggōu Cūn
Hongqiang红墙村紅牆村Hóngqiángcūn
Xintian新田村新田村Xīntiáncūn

Sites

The complex of fortifications in the Yanmen Pass forms part of the defenses of the "inner line" of the Great Wall,[1] along with the Ningwu and Pianguan Passes.[26] Yanmen was formerly reckoned as the first of the "Nine Passes under Heaven".[1] The preserved Ming fortifications are about 1 kilometer (0.6 mi) long and 4 meters (13 ft) high.[1] It includes three fortified gatehouses. The western gate is called Dili ("Chosen Battleground"), the central gate is Yanmen proper, and the eastern gate is Tianxian ("Impregnable Fortress").[1] They are open to the public from 8 am to 6:30 pm.[1][26]

The Zhenbian Hall is a temple to Li Mu, a Zhao general, beside the Tianxian Gate. It has also been used by local Buddhists since 1856, when the monk Shan Quan began holding services there.[26] There is a temple to Guan Yu, the Chinese god of war, beside the Dili Gate.[26] There was also a frontier market between Yanmenguan Village and the Dili Gate. A flagstone path called "Frontier Trade Street" continues to be lined with hostels[7] and various shops for tourists.[26] Statues of the generals of the Yang Clan line one of the pathways of the site.[7]

The ruins of Guangwu, the former county seat for the area, are nearby.[6] Its remains include Han-era tombs in mounds 2–10 meters (6 ft 7 in–32 ft 10 in) high.[6] They were excavated by Japanese archaeologists in the early 20th century and have been studied by the Chinese in the 1980s; a tomb robber around that time was caught and exposed that the mounds were not for local elites but for group burial in urns.[6]

Transportation

The Datong–Yuncheng Expressway runs through part of Yanmen Pass. The village of Yanmenguan is connected to the county seat Daixian by bus. The main fortification is about 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) outside of town, reached by walking[1] or shuttle bus.[26] The general inconvenience of transportation to the site means that it is less crowded than other well-known sites along the wall.[1][2]

The Battle of Yanmen Pass is an important moment in the Chinese legends, folktales, and plays collectively known as The Generals of the Yang Family. Likewise, because of its strategic importance to ancient and medieval China, Yanmen Pass and its fortifications feature prominently in some Chinese historical fiction novels, including Louis Cha's Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils, and films, including Daniel Lee's 14 Blades.

gollark: Like most services, on sanely configured systems?
gollark: What of nonroot processes?
gollark: Oh, systemd has good sandboxing capabilities available in the unit files. Yes, you can do that with external scripting, but it makes it easier to secure things if it's an accessible builtin.
gollark: I prefer declarative service files, systemd integrates logging (so that `systemctl status` can show the last few lines of output) and generally has a nicer UI for monitoring and managing things (also, it seems that restarting services in OpenRC causes their output to just be printed to your terminal?), and actually that's basically it.
gollark: As for specific issues, I'm typing.

References

Citations
  1. CIIC (2015).
  2. Evans (2006), p. 183
  3. Wen (2003), p. 16.
  4. Stanford (1917), p. 15.
  5. Hung (2011), p. 197
  6. Lu (2017).
  7. Sun & al. (2016).
  8. Di Cosmo (2002), p. 143
  9. Yü (1990), p. 118
  10. Jing (2015), pp. 34–5.
  11. Di Cosmo (2002), p. 147.
  12. Loewe (2000).
  13. Yü (1967), p. 8.
  14. Clark (2008), p. 229.
  15. Yü (1986), p. 390
  16. Whiting (2002), p. 147.
  17. Whiting (2002), p. 148.
  18. Knechtges (2010), p. 119.
  19. Pletcher (2010), p. 94
  20. Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian, ch. 21
  21. Evans (2006), p. 194
  22. Yang (2018).
  23. Wortzel (1999), s.v. "Yanmen Guan Ambush"
  24. Hunan (2017).
  25. "代县行政区划", 《行政区划网》, 21 October 2016. (in Chinese)
  26. TCG.

Bibliography
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.