Xenobot

Xenobots, named after the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), are synthetic organisms that are automatically designed by computers to perform some desired function and built by combining together different biological tissues.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

Xenobot
A xenobot design discovered in simulation (left) and the deployed organism (right) built from frog skin (green) and heart muscle (red).
Industry	Robotics, Synthetic biology
Application	Medicine, Environmental remediation
Dimensions	Microscale
Fuel source	Nutrients
Self-propelled	Yes
Components	Frog cells
Inventor	Sam Kriegman, Douglas Blackiston, Michael Levin, Josh Bongard
Invented	2020

Xenobots are less than a 1 millimeter (0.039 inches) wide and composed of just two things: skin cells and heart muscle cells, both of which are derived from stem cells harvested from early (blastula stage) frog embryos.[7] The skin cells provide rigid support and the heart cells act as small motors, contracting and expanding in volume to propel the xenobot forward. The shape of a xenobot's body, and its distribution of skin and heart cells, are automatically designed in simulation to perform a specific task, using a process of trial and error (an evolutionary algorithm). Xenobots have been designed to walk, swim, push pellets, carry payloads, and work together in a swarm to aggregate debris scattered along the surface of their dish into neat piles. They can survive for weeks without food and heal themselves after lacerations.[1]

Potential Applications

Currently, xenobots are primarily used as a scientific tool to understand how cells cooperate to build complex bodies during morphogenesis.[6] However, the behavior and biocompatibility of current xenobots suggest several potential applications to which they may be put in the future.

Given that xenobots composed of solely of frog cells, they are biodegradable. And as swarms of xenobots tend to work together to push microscopic pellets in their dish into central piles,[1] it has been speculated that future xenobots might be able do the same thing with microplastics in the ocean: find and aggregate tiny bits of plastic into a large ball of plastic that a traditional boat or drone can gather and bring to a recycling center. Unlike traditional technologies, xenobots do not add additional pollution as they work and degrade: they behave using energy from fat and protein naturally stored in their tissue, which lasts about a week, at which point they simply turn into dead skin cells.[1]

In future clinical applications, such as targeted drug delivery, xenobots could be made from a human patient’s own cells, which would bypass the immune response challenges of other kinds of micro-robotic delivery systems. Such xenobots could potentially be used to scrape plaque from arteries, and with additional cell types and bioengineering, locate and treat disease.

References

1. Kriegman, Sam; Blackiston, Douglas; Levin, Michael; Bongard, Josh (13 January 2020). "A scalable pipeline for designing reconfigurable organisms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (4): 1853–1859. doi:10.1073/pnas.1910837117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6994979. PMID 31932426.
2. Sokol, Joshua (2020-04-03). "Meet the Xenobots: Virtual Creatures Brought to Life". The New York Times.
3. Sample, Ian (2020-01-13). "Scientists use stem cells from frogs to build first living robots". The Guardian.
4. Yeung, Jessie (2020-01-13). "Scientists have built the world's first living, self-healing robots". CNN.
5. "A research team builds robots from living cells". The Economist.
6. "Meet Xenobot, an Eerie New Kind of Programmable Organism". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028.
7. Ball, Philip (25 February 2020). "Living robots". Nature Materials. 19 (3): 265. Bibcode:2020NatMa..19..265B. doi:10.1038/s41563-020-0627-6. PMID 32099110.