William Hawes (physician)

William Hawes M.D. (1736–1808) was an English physician and philanthropist, founder of the Royal Humane Society. As well as his work to spread the practice of resuscitation, he was concerned to relieve poverty in east London.

William Hawes, 1802 engraving

Life

Hawes was born at Islington, London, on 28 November 1736, and was educated at first by John Shield, and afterwards at St Paul's School, London. After passing some time with Mr. Robert Carsan, a medical practitioner of Vauxhall, he became assistant to a Mr. Dicks in the Strand and eventually succeeded him in his practice.[1]

About 1773 Hawes became well known as a campaigner for the possibility of resuscitating persons apparently dead from drowning, or other causes of asphyxia. For a year he gave a reward to anyone who brought to him, or his supporters, the body of a person who had been taken out of the River Thames insensible, within a reasonable time after immersion. The reward was paid whether the attempt to resuscitate proved successful or not. Thomas Cogan, who translated in 1773 an account of an Amsterdam society for the resuscitation of the apparently drowned, thought that Hawes should not pay all the rewards, and it was arranged in 1774 that he and Cogan should each bring fifteen friends to the Chapter coffee-house on Paternoster Row to consider further operations. This was done, and at the meeting the Humane Society was formed. Hawes became its registrar.[1]

Hawes was also physician to the London Dispensary. From 1791 he lived in Spital Square, and in 1793 worked to alleviate the distress which then was found among Spitalfields weavers. He died 5 December 1808.[1]

Works

Hawes wrote the following works:[1]

An Account of Dr. Goldsmith's Illness, 1774. Oliver Goldsmith had consulated Hawes as apothecary, but against his advice continued to self-medicate with Dr James's "fever powder".[2]
An Examination of the Rev. John Wesley's Primitive Physic, 1776; 3rd ed. 1780.
An Address on Premature Death and Premature Interment, 1777.
An Address to the Public on the Dangerous Custom of laying out persons as soon as Respiration ceases, with a Reply by W. Renwick, and Observations on that Reply, 1778.
An Address to the Legislature on the importance of a Humane Society, 1781.
An Address to the King and Parliament of Great Britain on the important subject of preserving the Lives of its Inhabitants, 1782; 3rd ed., with Observations on the General Bills of Mortality, 1783.
The Transactions of the Royal Humane Society from 1774 to 1784, with an Appendix of Miscellaneous Observations on Suspended Animation to the year 1794.

Family

Hawes married Sarah Fox (1740–1814) in 1759, and they had nine children. They included:[3]

Harriot (bap. 1760)[3]
Sophia (bap. 1762, died 1828), married in 1790 Russell Scott (1761–1833), a nonconformist minister in Portsmouth and brother of Mary Scott.[3][4] Their daughter Sophia Russell Scott married her first cousin John Edward Taylor, son of Mary Scott and founder of the Manchester Guardian; and her brother Russell (1810–1880) was father of C. P. Scott, editor of The Guardian.[5][6]
The eldest son, Thomas (bap. 1765, died 1849), a magistrate, was partner with his brother Benjamin in the soapworks at the New Barge House, Lambeth.[7]
Sarah (b. 1773)[3]
William (b. 1774)[3]
Benjamin (1770–1861), the father of Benjamin Hawes (1797–1862) and William Hawes (1805–1885).[3]
Maria, or Mary Ann (b. 1782), married John Gurney.[3][8]

Notes

Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1891). "Hawes, William (1736-1808)" . Dictionary of National Biography. 25. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Dussinger, John A. "Goldsmith, Oliver". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10924. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Williams, Carolyn D. "Hawes, William". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12648. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Lindsey, Theophilus (2007). G. M. Ditchfield (ed.). The Letters of Theophilus Lindsey (1723–1808) Vol. 1 1747–1788. Boydell Press. p. lxxxiv. ISBN 9781843833444.
Taylor, Geoffrey. "Taylor, John Edward". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27062. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Wilson, Trevor. "Scott, Charles Prestwich". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35980. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Sylvanus Urban (1849). The Gentleman's Magazine. XXXII. p. 105.
Pease-Watkin, Catherine. "Gurney, Sir John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11767. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1891). "Hawes, William (1736-1808)". Dictionary of National Biography. 25. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

gollark: All pocket calculators are the same, *if* you use your definition of pocket calculator, which requires them to be the same.

gollark: I think I will just go for storing old stuff compressed and hope it doesn't cause problems.

gollark: git would really not be a good choice:- the flat-hierarchy thing would probably be problematic, I hear filesystems do not like directories with tons of files in them- would have to deal with git's bad CLI- would have to incur the significant overhead of running an external process to do stuff- no easy way to do on-disk encryption (for SQLite, I can swap in SQLCipher easily)- external state (in git) means more complex code still

gollark: Now, I *could* overhaul it to use text files and git, but that would be extremely annoying.

gollark: Fossil?

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[DNB-1] Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1891). "Hawes, William (1736-1808)" . Dictionary of National Biography. 25. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

[2] Dussinger, John A. "Goldsmith, Oliver". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10924. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[ODNB-3] Williams, Carolyn D. "Hawes, William". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12648. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[4] Lindsey, Theophilus (2007). G. M. Ditchfield (ed.). The Letters of Theophilus Lindsey (1723–1808) Vol. 1 1747–1788. Boydell Press. p. lxxxiv. ISBN 9781843833444.

[5] Taylor, Geoffrey. "Taylor, John Edward". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27062. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[6] Wilson, Trevor. "Scott, Charles Prestwich". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35980. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[7] Sylvanus Urban (1849). The Gentleman's Magazine. XXXII. p. 105.

[8] Pease-Watkin, Catherine. "Gurney, Sir John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11767. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)