William Forster (philanthropist)

William Forster (23 March 1784 – 27 January 1854)[4] was a preacher, Quaker elder and a fervent abolitionist. He was an early member of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society in 1839.[1] It was William and Stephen Grellet who introduced Elizabeth Fry to her life's work with prisons, but it was William's brother, Josiah, who accompanied Fry on her tour and inspection of prisons in France.[5]

William Forster
William between two fellow abolitionists (George Stacey and William Morgan) in a detail from a painting.[1]
Born1784[1]
Tottenham[2]
Died1854[1]
Friendsville, Tennessee[3]
Resting placeFriendsville, Tennessee
NationalityEnglish
OccupationPreacher and abolitionist
Known forSlavery abolitionist
Spouse(s)1.Rachel Wilson
2.Sarah Dillworth[4]
ChildrenWilliam Edward
Parent(s)William Forster (1747–1824)and Elizabeth Hayward (1759–1837)[4]
RelativesJosiah Forster (brother), Elizabeth Fry Sister-in-law

Biography

Forster was born in 1784. He initially trained as a land agent with his mother's brother in Sheffield, but he then started to tour England and Scotland as a minister. He visited the Hebrides in 1812 and Ireland in 1813–14.[4]

When visiting Newgate prison with Stephen Grellet, Forster was amazed at its state. He contacted Elizabeth Fry and she gathered together a group of women to help with improving prison conditions. Forster thereby alerted Elizabeth Fry to what was to be her life's work.[2]

In 1816, Forster married Anna Buxton and they moved to Dorset. When his brother-in-law, Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, entered parliament in 1818, he wrote to him to encourage him to take up the cause of slavery. He noted that the slavery trade had been abolished (in 1807 in the British Empire[6]) but there was still the issue of those who were already slaves.[7]

Doctrinal differences within the Quakers were created by the views of Elias Hicks of New York. Forster highlighted the issue in 1820.[8] Prominent English evangelical Quakers which included Elizabeth Robson, Forster and Anna Braithwaite, decided to travel to the United States to denounce Hicks' views between 1821 and 1827.[9]

Meanwhile, following the Reform Act, William Wilberforce was able to get anti-slavery legislation through parliament. In 1838 legislation replaced slavery with apprenticeship. As a result, in August 1838 800,000 people in the British Empire became nominally free.[6]

A picture was commissioned showing William Forster as a member of the new British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society which was formed in 1839 at an important international convention in June 1840. The small extract shown here includes only Samuel Gurney—a banker and fellow Quaker—Forster, and William Allen.[1] Also in this painting are William's brothers, Robert and Josiah Forster. This new society's aim was "The universal extinction of slavery and the slave trade and the protection of the rights and interests of the enfranchised population in the British possessions and of all persons captured as slaves."

In 1842-3 a schism developed in the Society of Friends in Salem in Iowa. The difference developed over the ways that the society should support the abolition of slavery, which was still an important part of the American economy. A rival meeting house had been created and a new burial ground purchased which was separated from the older Quaker burial ground by a mere two feet of ground. Four delegates were sent from Britain: Forster, his brother Josiah, George Stacey (pictured above) and John Allen.[10] The difference between the two groups was the level to which they should publicly oppose slavery. It was the group who most supported abolition that had created a minority group called the Abolition Friends.[11] The group did not manage to heal the divide immediately but it was resolved by 1848.[10]

Forster and his wife visited France in July 1845 at the invitation of the French to try to establish links with the French abolitionists. They found activity in Paris, but were disappointed to find that there was little activity in the country in general.[12]

Final journey
Forster's grave in 2008 behind the Friends Meeting house in Friendsville.

In 1849 the yearly meeting of the Quakers requested that Forster visit the rulers of the Christian nations.[13] Forster visited many of the European rulers to forward the abolitionists' cause, but it was in 1853 that he and three others visited the American president, Franklin Pierce, and journeyed to spread the message to the governors of the southern American states, eventually meeting thirteen of them.[4] It was during this journey that Forster died and was buried in the Quaker town of Friendsville in Tennessee (which was on the Underground Railroad).[14]

The Fireside poet, John Greenleaf Whittier, wrote a poem in William's memory; on Forster's first visit to America he had visited the home of Whittier's parents.[15] Forster's son William Edward Forster was an MP who campaigned for universal education.

Works
gollark: Currently, it is able to process a few books per second, by which I mean extract all the text but not parse it.
gollark: It's written in Rust and MODERATELY concurrent.
gollark: Fortunately, EPUB is a structured format, and the library means the amount of XML I touch is reduced.
gollark: I have metadata done, and I found a good library for reading chapters (may require XHTML parsing, oh bee).
gollark: Well, it reads the metadata, reads each chapter, and dumps them into a SQLite FTS table.

References
  1. National Portrait Gallery
  2. Tottenham Quakers History, accessed 14 July 2008
  3. Friendly Sketches in America by William Tallack
  4. Edward H. Milligan, ‘Forster, William (1784–1854)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/9925 (subscription required for online access). Retrieved 17 July 2008.
  5. Elizabeth Fry by ER Pitman
  6. Slavery and Abolition, ODNB, accessed 10 July 2008
  7. Memoirs of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, Baronet With Selections from His Correspondence, By Thomas Fowell Buxton, Charles Buxton, accessed 15 July 2008
  8. Thomas C. Kennedy (2001). British Quakerism, 1860-1920: The Transformation of a Religious Community. Oxford University Press. p. 23. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  9. Hugh Barbour (1995). Quaker Crosscurrents:Three Hundred Years of Friends in the New York Yearly Meetings. Syracuse University Press. pp. 123, 124, 125. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  10. The Anti-Slavery Friends in Salem, Iowa, Lewis D. Savage, accessed 16 July 2008
  11. Iowa History Project accessed 17 July 2008
  12. French Anti-slavery: The Movement for the Abolition of Slavery in France
  13. New International Encyclopedia
  14. Durwood Dunn, Cades Cove: The Life and Death of an Appalachian Community (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988), 125.
  15. William Forster, a poem by John Greenleaf Whittier accessed 14 July 2008

Sources
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