West Norfolk Junction Railway

The West Norfolk Junction Railway was a standard gauge eighteen and a half-mile single-track railway running between Wells-next-the-Sea railway station and Heacham in the English county of Norfolk. It opened in 1866 and closed in 1953. At Wells the line made a junction with the Wells and Fakenham Railway and at Heacham it connected with the line from Hunstanton to Kings Lynn.

West Norfolk Junction Railway
Overview
HeadquartersWells-next-the-Sea
LocaleEngland
Dates of operation1866–1952 (passengers), –1953 (goods)
SuccessorGreat Eastern Railway
Technical
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
Length18½ miles

History
West Norfolk Junction Railway
 Wells-next-the-Sea
 Wells Harbour (Goods)
To Wymondham
Holkham
 Burnham Market
 Stanhoe
 Docking
 Sedgeford
 Hunstanton / Heacham
To King's Lynn

The West Norfolk Junction Railway was opened in August 1866. The line came from Heacham on an 18½ mile single track aimed at exploiting the great arc of coastline between Hunstanton and Yarmouth. 1866 saw the start of a major financial crisis triggered by the collapse of Overend Gurney Bank; the year also saw the outbreak of a "cattle plague" in North Norfolk which impacted on the cattle receipts on the line.[1] The West Norfolk was amalgamated with the Lynn and Hunstanton Railway in 1872, forming the Hunstanton and West Norfolk Railway, which in turn was acquired by the Great Eastern Railway in 1890.

During the Second World War, the railway's strategic coastal location meant that it provided a natural 'rampart' behind which a potential beach invasion could be repelled. For this reason, a line of pillboxes were constructed along the railway.[2]

The post-war boom experienced by the King's Lynn to Hunstanton line was not felt on the West Norfolk Junction Railway whose inconveniently sited stations contributed to declining passenger traffic. Passenger services from Wells-next-the-Sea to Heacham were eventually withdrawn from 2 June 1952, but the line remained open to freight. However, following the North Sea flood of 1953, the track between Wells-next-the-Sea and Holkham was so severely damaged that British Railways considered it not worth repairing and the line was closed completely between these two places.[3]

Up to the end of its existence, the line was one of the last where one could travel in gas-lit clerestory coaches hauled by Victorian locomotives.[4]

Route
Heacham station, now holiday accommodation

At Heacham, services to Wells-next-the-Sea started and terminated in a bay platform to the east of the line, while trains to Hunstanton and King's Lynn departed from the platforms just to the west. The station was rebuilt at least twice, with the Great Eastern Railway adding platform canopies, a turntable and improving the platform buildings.[5] More substantial modifications were carried out by the London and North Eastern Railway in 1937 as Heacham had by then become a significant holiday destination, and it was necessary to extend the passing loop to accommodate 13-coach trains. A lattice girder footbridge linked the platforms, while a signal box was situated on the down side.[6]

Sedgeford railway station was the first station after Heacham on the single-track West Norfolk Junction Railway. It was a small station located in a rural area, equipped with a single platform on the down side, built to smaller dimensions to other stations on the Lynn and Hunstanton Railway, and without a stationmaster's residence. Very basic goods facilities were provided in the shape of a single carriage siding on the down side. The station's staff amounted to two persons, reduced to one in the final years. Traffic on the line was largely agricultural, consisting of corn, sugar beet, cattle and agricultural machinery. A level crossing lay to the east of the platform.[7]

After passing through Docking, trains arrived at Stanhoe railway station, situated more than a mile from the village from which it took its name; its remote rural location was accentuated by the fact that it lay at a height of around 200 ft above sea level. With no goods facilities provided, the station had one of the simplest layouts on the line; a single platform on the up side on which was built a signal box and single storey station building out of Norfolk flint rather than the usual Great Eastern Carstone. A level crossing lay to the west while the line climbed to the west, running parallel with a minor road before crossing it on a level about a mile from Docking.[8]

Burnham Market station, now a hotel, with carriage on track

Burnham Market was the principal intermediate station on the West Norfolk branch, serving the largest settlement between Heacham and Wells-next-the-Sea. Its importance was to decline towards the end of the nineteenth century as it shed its urban functions to become the village it is today.[9] A single platform was provided together with a brick station building situated on the down side of the line. A crossing loop to the west of the station allowing it to be a passing place. Four sidings led from the loop to serve a goods yard equipped with a red brick goods shed. Another siding led to a nearby brickworks which used the railway to import coal.[10] The station, like many others along the line, also handled its fair share of agricultural traffic and, in addition, some fish traffic (notably shellfish) from nearby villages such as Brancaster and Burnham Overy.[11]

The station was also the nearest to Lord Nelson's birthplace at Burnham Thorpe, a fact capitalised on by the Great Eastern Railway which erected large nameboards proclaiming that this was the station "For Burnham Thorpe & Nelson's Birthplace".

At Holkham the railway line curved away from the main village centre dominated by Holkham Hall, and followed a path nearer the coast. The line had been opposed by the occupant of Holkham Hall, the Earl of Leicester, who feared that it would lead to large scale resort development and an influx of holiday visitors near his home.[9] A station was nevertheless opened opposite the main gates of Holkham Park which had been laid out by Thomas Coke who had reclaimed from the sea some of the land over which the railway now ran. The station's approach road, Lady Ann's Drive, continued for around half a mile to the beach at Holkham Gap. The station itself was very small, equipped with a single platform and no goods facilities. Architecturally, it was a miniature version of the Great Eastern's "Victorian House" design, incorporating a small platform canopy. There was a level crossing over Lady Ann's Road which was controlled by a wooden signal box.[9]

The line entered Wells-next-the-Sea on a sharp curve, turning through a full 180 degrees before converging with the Wymondham to Wells branch from Dereham for the final approach. West Norfolk services used the outer face of a sheltered wooden island platform to the south of the station, with the inner face being set aside for services to Dereham and Wymondham. The Dereham side was unusual in that there was a platform on either side of the train, allowing the passengers the choice of which side to alight from, much the same as Ventor and Ulverston stations.[12]

Preservation
Sedgeford station, July 2008

The majority of the route remains unobstructed. The stations at Heacham, Sedgeford, Stanhoe, Burnham Market and Wells-next-the-Sea remain in good order, and large sections of the route remain in transport use as roadways and drives.

Holkham station has been demolished, although the WW2 pill boxes remain. The site of Docking station has been redeveloped as a housing estate, although the station house survives as a private residence,[13] and the route into Wells-next-the-Sea has been partially redeveloped as housing, a school playing field and an industrial estate.

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gollark: I'll work on this when I'm not on a phone.
gollark: Wait, no, this is index in *line* not string.
gollark: Well, this is roughly what you wanted, anyway.
gollark: Horribly messy version:```haskellwithIndices :: [a] -> [(Int, a)]withIndices = zip [1..]doStuff :: String -> [(Int, Int, Char)]doStuff s = (\(lineIx, l) -> fmap (\(charIx, char) -> (lineIx, charIx, char)) $ withIndices l) `concatMap` withIndices (lines s)main = print . doStuff $ "abcd"```

References
  1. Jenkins (1987), pp. 34–35
  2. Jenkins (1987), p. 85
  3. Jenkins (1987), pp. 112–113
  4. Joby (1985), p. 47
  5. Jenkins (1987), p. 95
  6. Jenkins (1987), p. 96
  7. Jenkins (1987), p. 99
  8. Jenkins (1987), p. 101
  9. Jenkins (1987), p. 36
  10. Jenkins (1987), p. 76
  11. JJenkins (1987), p. 102
  12. Jenkins (1987), p. 103
  13. Oppitz (1989), pp. 12–13

Bibliography
  • Jenkins, Stanley C. (1987). The Lynn & Hunstanton Railway and the West Norfolk Branch. Headington, Oxford: Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-85361-330-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Joby, R. S. (1985). East Anglia. Forgotten Railways. 7. Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. ISBN 0-946537-25-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Oppitz, L. (1989). East Anglian Railways Remembered. Newbury, Berkshire: Countryside Books. ISBN 1-85306-040-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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