Wade Ellis

Wade Ellis (June 9, 1909 – November 20, 1989) was an American mathematician and educator. He was the twelfth African-American to earn a Ph.D. in mathematics, which he received from the University of Michigan.[2] Living in the era of racial segregation in the United States, Ellis taught at historically black colleges and universities (HBCU) including Fort Valley State University in Georgia and Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee. In 1948 he became the first black faculty member at Oberlin College, where he worked for 19 years before eventually moving back to the University of Michigan. Ellis was active in promoting mathematical education in the United States and abroad, and in 1966 he was honored by the government of Peru for his efforts. At the University of Michigan, he was Associate Dean of the Graduate School and Professor of Mathematics until his retirement in 1977. Upon his retirement, he was named Professor Emeritus. Afterwards he served in various administrative positions including vice chancellor of academic affairs at University of Maryland Eastern Shore and interim president of Marygrove College in Detroit.

For the politician, see Wade H. Ellis.

Wade Ellis
Born	(1909-06-09)June 9, 1909 Chandler, Oklahoma, US
Died	November 20, 1989(1989-11-20) (aged 80) San Jose, California, US
Nationality	American
Other names	Wade Ellis, Sr.
Education	Wilberforce University (B.S., 1928) University of New Mexico (M.S. 1938) University of Michigan (Ph.D. 1944)
Occupation	Mathematician
Years active	1944 – 1989
Known for	Linear algebra Math education
Notable work	On Relations Satisfied by Linear Operators on a Three Dimensional Linear Vector Space (1944)
Spouse(s)	Agatha Ellis
Children	Wade Ellis, Jr.[1] William Whit Ellis

Family history and life

Wade Ellis' father, Whitfield Washington, was born on September 26, 1870 in Sumter County, Alabama. In the mid 1880s, a confrontation involving Whitfield and several white men resulted in two white men dying. He escaped a possible lynching by making his way south to Mobile, Alabama and finding work as a cook on an international trade ship where he traveled to the Caribbean and the west coast of Africa. He eventually returned to the United States and moved to Oklahoma, changing his name to Whit Ellis and opening a restaurant. Wade Ellis' mother, Maggie Ellis, was born on August 25, 1880, in Dallas, Texas. Her father, James Riley, was likely born into slavery in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1844 before joining the Union Army towards the end of the American Civil War and eventually becoming a Buffalo Soldier. As a child Maggie attended an integrated school for white and Indian children and from 1898-99 she attended high school at the Colored Agriculture and Normal University at Langston, Oklahoma, now known as Langston University. She met Whit in 1899 and the two were married in 1900.[3]

Wade Ellis was born in Chandler, Oklahoma on June 9, 1909, one of ten children. As a child he worked at his family's restaurant, doing chores such as cleaning fish and shucking corn. He took up the trombone and played in a family band. Ellis excelled academically and attended Douglass School, graduating at 14.[3] He received his bachelor's degree from Wilberforce University, Ohio in 1929, at age 18, his master's degree from the University of New Mexico in 1938, and his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan in 1944.[4] After moving to Ann Arbor in 1939, he purchased a home in 1941 with the help of a $300 ($5514 in 2019 value) loan from his barber.[3]

He died of a heart attack on November 20, 1989 in San Jose, California.[5]

Career

Ellis' career in mathematics took place during the period of racial segregation in the United States, and when he earned his Master's Degree from the University of New Mexico he was forced to march at the end of his graduation line.[3] When he was invited to speak and have dinner at the Texas Section of the American Mathematical Society, black people were not allowed to dine with the Section. Worried at offending their guest, mathematicians Paul K. Rees, who invited Ellis, and C.V. Newsom, who was then-chair at New Mexico, arranged the seating so that the two of them, along with another individual from New Mexico, would leave an empty seat for Ellis at dinner in hopes that the seating would not be noticed. It passed without incident, and Ellis inadvertently became the first black mathematician to have dinner with the Texas Section.[2][6]

In 1938, he presented The efficiency of approximation formulas for determining the rate of interest in amortization schedules to the Southwestern Section of the Mathematics Association of America (MAA).[2] He began teaching in a one-room schoolhouse in Oklahoma, and taught at the Boys Industrial School in Boley, Oklahoma, Fort Valley State College in Georgia, and at Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee, all of which were segregated.[7] He received a Rosenwald Fellowship.[3][4]

In 1939, he moved with his wife Agatha and newborn son William Whit to Ann Arbor, Michigan to begin his doctorate at the University of Michigan. He chose the university as at the time only a few schools in the country accepted black students, and it was among the best-known. The school still had many segregation policies and issues with racism, but compared to others he believed it treated black students relatively well.[3] He encouraged his brother Francis (Frank) Willis to enroll in a summer program at the school, and Frank eventually became a research assistant and also enrolled at the school.[3] Upon earning his Ph.D. in mathematics in 1944 under the supervision of George Yuri Rainich, he became the twelfth African-American to do so in the United States.[2] His thesis, On Relations Satisfied by Linear Operators on a Three Dimensional Linear Vector Space, was designated the "best in his department". Despite his excellent scholarly record, unlike other Ph.D. candidates he did not receive a teaching fellowship, and as a teaching assistant he was only paid 20% of what white teaching assistants earned.[3]

From 1944 to 1948 he worked at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory as a Section Director, where he carried out classified research on radar antennas as well as detecting whether the Soviet Union had detonated atomic weapons.[3][7] Afterwards, he taught at Boston University and became the first black faculty member at Oberlin College,[8] where he stayed for 19 years. While at Oberlin, he also became a member of the city council and served one term as the town's Vice-Mayor.[3] In 1953 he became a Full Professor,[3] and was elected to the Board of Governors of the Mathematical Association of America, and in 1954 he presented his paper On the directional derivative and was elected as an officer of the organization's Program Committee.[9]

In 1967 he became the Associate Dean of the Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies and Professor of Mathematics at the University of Michigan, where he contributed to the Michigan Scholars Program. He consulted with several international groups on how to encourage mathematics education in developing countries, and in 1966 he was decorated by the government of Peru for his contributions to their higher education.[4] On August 31, 1977 he retired from Michigan and was named Associate Dean Emeritus and Professor Emeritus of Mathematics.[4] He took on administrative positions elsewhere, including becoming vice chancellor of academic affairs at University of Maryland Eastern Shore and interim president of Marygrove College (Detroit).[7] He wrote the foreword to Black Mathematicians and Their Works, which was published in 1980. The book was part of the push to eliminate inequities in math education of minority students, and Ellis wrote that it was fighting back against the beliefs held by teachers that promising young black students were incapable of being mathematicians.[10][11]

Awards

• Rosenwald Fellowship
• Comendador en la Orden de las Palmas Magisteriales del Peru (1966)[1]

References

1. Lewis, D.J. (2011). "Memorial (Wade Ellis)". University of Michigan. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
2. Nkwanta, Asamoah; Barber, Janet E. "African-American Mathematicians and the Mathematical Association of America" (PDF). Mathematical Association of America. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
3. Chatman, Mel (2007). "Chandler: The Ellis Family Story". Retrieved June 11, 2020.
4. "Memoir (Wade Ellis)". University of Michigan. 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
5. Gillmore, Dan (November 24, 1989). "Academic pioneer Wade Ellis Sr. once led Marygrove". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
6. Case, Bettye Anne, ed. (1996). A century of mathematical meetings. American Mathematical Society. p. 15.
7. Gordon, Jacob U. (2002). The Black male in white America. Nova Publishers. p. 81.
8. "African American Heritage at Oberlin: Featured Photographs". isis2.cc.oberlin.edu. Oberlin College Archives. Retrieved 2020-07-14.
9. Nkwanta, Asamoah; Barber, Janet E. "African-American Mathematicians and the Mathematical Association of America" (PDF). Mathematical Association of America. Retrieved 2020-07-13.
10. Zaslavsky, Claudia (1983). "Essay Review: Black Mathematicians and Their Works". Historia Mathematica. 10: 105–115.
11. Nathaniel Dean, ed. (1997). "African Americans in Mathematics". DIMACS: Series in Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science. American Mathematical Society. 34: 185. ISBN 978-0-8218-0678-4.