Wąwolnica, Lublin Voivodeship

Wąwolnica [vɔ̃vɔlˈnit͡sa] is a village in Puławy County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Wąwolnica. It lies approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) south-east of Puławy and 31 km (19 mi) west of the regional capital Lublin.[1]

Wąwolnica
Village
Wąwolnica
Coordinates: 51°17′35″N 22°8′40″E
Country	Poland
Voivodeship	Lublin
County	Puławy
Gmina	Wąwolnica
Population	1,041

The village has a population of 1,041.

The local football team is Wąwolnica KS Wawel Castle.

People associated with Wąwolnica

• Józef Gosławski (1908-1963) - Polish sculptor and medal artist. He spent his childhood and also the occupation years in Wąwolnica.[2]
• Stanisław Gosławski (1918-2008) - Polish sculptor and author of many works of decorative arts. He was born in Wąwolnica on 7 September 1918.[3]

Legendary origins

According to legend, around the seventh century AD (some sources mention that it was probably 721) Prince Krak came from Kraków. Visiting the area, he found the site of the current Wąwolnica, which he named Wąwelnica - from the name of his home (Wawel). The coat of arms of the town shows St. George (Prince Krak slayed the Wawel Dragon).

History

Wąwolnica is one of the oldest settlements in Lesser Poland (initially in Sandomierz Voivodeship, and then later in Lublin Voivodeship). Together with Bochotnica it formed the heart of the local administrative unit. A manuscript years stored in a monastery on Łysa Góra states: "In 1027 the Fathers of our monastery parish ministry did newly establish and newly convert to the Holy Faith Wawelnica settlement." Traces of occupation go back to the Stone Age.

• In the 13th century there already was a fortified city lying on a major highway leading from the commercial crossings on the Vistula River near present-day Kazimierz Dolny, via Rzeczyca, Wąwolnica to Lublin.
• The chronicle of the parish passed the written story about the beginning of wąwolnickiej tradition of worship of Christianity in these areas: "Haunted was the year 1278 for the Polish. The Tatar onslaught flooded it all. Lublin was devastated as most of the others were, then, in rushed legions on barbaric raids, set-up their main camp, and kept bringing in fresh blood dripping booty. Hundreds of thousands of unfortunate prisoners were destined to be slaves for Khan." This event marks the beginning of the cult of the Virgin Mary of Kębelskiej.
• Before 1370, the village received its town charter and became a royal city. The castle (royal tower), the royal chapel of the church of St Adalbert, and the defensive wall (to a thickness of 3 meters) were built. The reign of King Casimir the Great was considered Wąwolnica's heyday.
• In 1409 Wladyslaw II Jagiello granted the privilege of a market.
• From 1444, the castle's court proceedings took place for the Castellan of Lublin.
• In 1448 there was a change of the city with the Magdeburg law.
• In 1458 Casimir IV Jagiello gave the parish to the Benedictines of the Holy Cross, who took over the patronage of the city and parish. The patronage expired in 1819 after the annulment of the law, the right of patronage over the parish went to Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski.
• In the 15th century Castellan courts were held here and in the 16th century courts were held by the Governor for the nobility of Lublin.
• In 1567 Wąwolnica was completely burnt out. King Sigismund II Augustus told Lublin leader Jan Firlej to rebuild it, and therefore the city was moved to the new (present) location.
• In 1638, the church for the Benedictine monastery was consecrated, converted from the former royal chapel.
• From the 17th century the city declined severely, then was subsequently destroyed by the troops of the Russian, Swedish, and Saxon armies.
• In 1795 it was part of the Austrian partition.
• From 1809 it belonged to the Duchy of Warsaw, and from 1815 to the Kingdom of Poland.
• In 1819, the monastery was disbanded.
• In 1820, Wawolnica was down to 132 wooden houses and 4 brick houses, with 1,034 residents.
• In 1870, the Tsarist authorities deprived Wąwolnica of civic rights as an act of reprisal for assisting the January Uprising.
• In 1921, 1,043 Jews, representing 35% of the total population, lived in Wąwolnica.
• In 1939, to begin World War II the Germans invaded Poland and occupied Walwolnica. They robbed and brutalized the Jewish population which had been around 900 before the war. In 1941, they confined them to a ghetto and conscripted many for forced labor. In March 1942, the SS took about 120 Jews to the cemetary and murdered them. Later in the month, the rest of the Jewish community was forcibly deported to Opole from where they were taken to Belzec a few days later and murdered there. Only a few dozen of Wawolnica's Jews survived the war.[4]
• In 1946, on the 2nd of May, the village was pacified by the UB for fostering the anti-communist underground. 101 homes, 106 barns, 121 cowsheds, 120 pigsties and other farm buildings were burned, many of them along with the animals. Two people died in fires, one person died of a heart attack, and many were injured.[5]

March 1942 massacre and the Jewish cemetery

The monument at the Jewish cemetery, built by Sara Tregerman-Ryterski in 1993

On 22 March 1942, Nazis gathered all the Jewish men from Wąwolnica and Nałęczów in the main square of Wąwolnica and murdered them. The women had to carry the bodies and bury them in the Jewish cemetery.

Today only few tombstone fragments remained in the cemetery.

In 1993, Sara Tregerman-Ryterski (1917-2011), whose father and brothers were murdered in the massacre, built a monument (51.2955°N 22.1597°E / 51.2955; 22.1597) at the cemetery to commemorate the event. The monument contains inscriptions in Polish and Hebrew. The Polish inscription is a dedication to the eternal memory of the victims and to one of the men who raised from the bodies around him, pleaded to spare his life and in return was shot dead. The inscription in Hebrew is a dedication to the victims of the Tregerman family, whom she carried and buried in the cemetery: Her father David and her brothers Abraham Hirsch, Refael Mordechai and Pesach Noah.

Notable buildings

The present parish church, in honor of St. Adalbert (St Wojciech Church) was built from 1907-1914. The church was designed by K Drozdowski in "neo-Vistula" style, with three naves and red brick. In 2001, Pope John Paul II raised the church to the status of minor basilica. A church has been present on the site since the 11th century.

Next to the church in the presbytery of what remains of the old church, there is a statue of Our Lady Kębelskiej - the object of numerous pilgrimages.

Tourism

Wąwolnica is located on the edge of the Kazimierz Landscape Park, between the major tourist centers of Puławy, Kazimierz Dolny and Nałęczów.

The Wąwolnica route passes through on the historic narrow-gauge Nałęczowskiej Commuter Rail. Tourist trains run on the route.

References

1. "Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.
2. Rudzka, Anna (2009). Józef Gosławski. Rzeźby, monety, medale (in Polish). Warsaw: Alegoria. pp. 60–62. ISBN 978-83-62248-00-1.
3. Wysocka-Pikało, Joanna (2008-08-04). "Pożegnanie. Stanisław Gosławski. Artysta rzeźbiarz" (in Polish). zpaplublin.pl. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
4. Megargee, Geoffrey (2012). Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. p. Volume II 726-228. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7.
5. "Pacyfikacja Wąwolnicy przez UB" (in Polish). Retrieved 2018-01-28.

Polish Wikipedia article - from June 2011.