Vipera kaznakovi

Vipera kaznakovi
Conservation status
	; Endangered (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Viperidae
Genus:	Vipera
Species:	V. kaznakovi
Binomial name
	Vipera kaznakovi; Nikolsky, 1909
Synonyms[1]
	Vipera kaznakovi ; Nikolsky, 1909; Coluber kaznakowi ; — Nikolsky, 1916; Vipera kaznakowi ; — F. Werner, 1922; [Pelias] kaznakovi; — A.F. Reuss, 1927; [Mesocoronis (Tzarevscya)] kaxnakovi [sic] ; A.F. Reuss, 1929 (ex errore); Vipera ursinii kaznakovi; — Schwarz, 1936; Vipera berus var. ornata; Başoğlu, 1947; Vipera (Vipera) kaznakovi; — Obst, 1983; Vipera kaznakovi kaznakovi; — Vedmederja, 1984; Vipera kaznakovi ; — Golay et al., 1993;

Vipera kaznakovi is a species of venomous snake in the subfamily Viperinae of the family Viperidae. The species is endemic to Turkey, Georgia, and Russia.[1] No subspecies are currently recognized.[4]

Common names: Caucasus viper, Kaznakow's viper,[2] Kaznakov's viper.[3] more.

Etymology

The specific name, kaznakovi, is in honor of Russian naturalist Aleksandr Nikolaevich Kaznakov.[5]

Description

Vipera kaznakovi is a stoutly built species, of which the males are usually shorter and more slender than the females. Adults may reach a maximum total length (including tail) of 65 to 70 cm (26 to 28 in), but are usually less. Orlov and Tuniyev examined 39 specimens. Of the 23 males examined, the largest measured 47.5 cm (18.7 in) total length; while of the 16 females, the largest was 60 cm (24 in) total length.[2][6]

Common names

Common names for V. kaznakovi include Caucasus viper, Kaznakow's viper,[2] Kaznakov's viper,[3] and Caucasus adder.[7]

Geographic range

Vipera kaznakovi is found in northeastern Turkey, Georgia, and Russia (eastern Black Sea coast).

The type locality is "Tsebel'da, Sukhumi District," according to the English translation of Nikolsky (1909). Orlov and Tuniyev (1990) interpret this as "Tsebelda, the vicinity of Sukhumi [on the east coast of the Black Sea], Abkhazia, the Caucasus [Georgia]".[1]

Habitat and ecology

Vipera kaznakovi inhabits the forested slopes of mountains, the beds of wet ravines, and post-forested clearings. It has been recorded from azalea and scumpea-Cornelian cherry groves; mixed-subtropical forests with an evergreen underwood; chestnut groves; beech, willow, and alder woods; and from polydominant forests near river terraces and on large growing-over scree. At the upper limit of its altitudinal distribution this snake reaches the coniferous forests zone, but is not found deep in this forest type. It has been recorded from the ecotone of beech-fir forest and motley grass. It may also be found in areas of tea cultivation (Baran and Atatur, 1998).

On the Black Sea coast it emerges from hibernation in March, but at altitudes of 600–800 m (2,000–2,600 ft) above sea level it emerges in the second half of April or the beginning of May. It reproduces from the end of March up to the middle of May. Hibernation begins at the start of November for coastal populations, and at the end of September or the beginning of October for highland populations. The young appear at the end of August or the beginning of September.[8]

Conservation status

The species V. kaznakovi is classified as Endangered (EN) according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species with the following criteria: A1cd+2 cd (v2.3, 1994).[9] This indicates that the species is not critically endangered, but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future. This is due to an observed, estimated, inferred or suspected reduction in population of at least 50% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, based on a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat, as well as actual or potential levels of exploitation. For the same reasons, a reduction in the population of at least 50% is also projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer. Year assessed: 1996.[10]

As of 2008, the IUCN red list of endangered species has listed the Caucasus viper has been listed as being endangered with a decreasing population trend.[8]

It is also listed as strictly protected (Appendix II) under the Berne Convention.[11]

Major threats

Vipera kaznakovi is threatened by illegal overcollection for the international pet trade (Baran and Atatur, 1998). Additional threats include habitat conversion for urban development, tourism, and agriculture. It is becoming rare throughout the Black Sea coastal part of its range, with many populations already extirpated. Key threats to the habitat of these lowland populations include the development of tourism (such as health resorts) and housing, and agricultural expansion (including the ploughing of submontane areas). Within Turkey, the species is additionally threatened by projects to construct dams within its range.[8]

One further factor that affects the population of the viper is its gestation and birthing procedure. The viper is viviparous. Therefore when the mother viper is injured or killed, the entire litter is affected, whereas in an oviparous snake each individual egg has a chance of surviving no matter what happens to the mother.[12]

gollark: Yes, I'm aware, and English is unparseable so that's tricky.

gollark: So I thought "hmmm, what if I made *biased* random choice", and did that.

gollark: I was going to just add a normal "random choice" command, but those are kind of overdone.

gollark: Also, it's probably eventually going to need the ability to update wordlists at runtime.

gollark: It turns out that it's actually a very hard problem to make it work somewhat sensibly even if people use negatives and stuff like "bad" too, so I just made a heuristic thing where it does `weight = 1 / weight` once per instance of not, un, bad and some stuff like that.

References

McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G (2003). True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
Mehrtens JM (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
"Vipera kaznakovi ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 17 August 2006.
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Vipera kaznakovi, p. 138).
"More Types of Snakes".
Brown JH (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. ISBN 0-398-02808-7.
Tuniyev, B.; Nilson, G.; Agasyan, A.; Orlov, N.L.; Tuniyev, S. (2009). "Vipera kaznakovi (errata version published in 2017)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T22990A114546825. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T22990A9405808.en. Retrieved 15 January 2020.{{cite iucn}}: error: |doi= / |page= mismatch (help)
Vipera kaznakovi at the IUCN Red List. Accessed 2 September 2007.
1994 Categories & Criteria (version 2.3) at the IUCN Red List. Accessed 2 September 2007.
Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Appendix II at Council of Europe. Accessed 9 October 2006.
Neill WT (1964). "Viviparity in snakes: some ecological and zoogeographical considerations". American Naturalist 98: 35-55.

External links

Vipera kaznakovi at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 2 September 2007.

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[McD99-1] McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).

[Mal03-2] Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G (2003). True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.

[Meh87-3] Mehrtens JM (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.

[ITIS-4] "Vipera kaznakovi ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 17 August 2006.

[5] Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Vipera kaznakovi, p. 138).

[6] "More Types of Snakes".

[Bro73-7] Brown JH (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. ISBN 0-398-02808-7.

[iucn-8] Tuniyev, B.; Nilson, G.; Agasyan, A.; Orlov, N.L.; Tuniyev, S. (2009). "Vipera kaznakovi (errata version published in 2017)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T22990A114546825. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T22990A9405808.en. Retrieved 15 January 2020.{{cite iucn}}: error: |doi= / |page= mismatch (help)

[ICUN-EN-9] Vipera kaznakovi at the IUCN Red List. Accessed 2 September 2007.

[IUCN-23-10] 1994 Categories & Criteria (version 2.3) at the IUCN Red List. Accessed 2 September 2007.

[COE-11] Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Appendix II at Council of Europe. Accessed 9 October 2006.

[12] Neill WT (1964). "Viviparity in snakes: some ecological and zoogeographical considerations". American Naturalist 98: 35-55.