Vanguard TV-2

Vanguard TV-2, also called Vanguard Test Vehicle-Two, was the third sub-orbital test flight of a Vanguard rocket as part of Project Vanguard. Successful TV-2 followed the successful launch of Vanguard TV-0 a one-stage rocket launched in December 1956 and Vanguard TV-1 a two-stage rocket launched in May 1957.

Vanguard TV-2 on 23 October 1957 lift off.
Vanguard rocket cutaway view, TV-2 had no fuel in stage 2 and 3.

Project Vanguard was a program managed by the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), and designed and built by the Glenn L. Martin Company (now Lockheed-Martin), which intended to launch the first artificial satellite into Earth orbit using a Vanguard rocket.[1] as the launch vehicle from Cape Canaveral Missile Annex, Florida.

Vanguard TV-2 arrived at Cape Canaveral in June 1957. Vanguard TV-2 was a prototype as it had a liquid rocket first stage, a dummy (no fuel) second stage, and a dummy (no fuel) third stage. Three Vanguard stages were needed to put a satellite in orbit, the final goal of the Vanguard project. Since stage two and three had no power the test flight would not achieve the same height as Vanguard TV-1.

Vanguard TV-2 lifted off on 23 October 1957 from Cape Canaveral from launch pad 18A. Launch pad 18A was an older Viking launch stand that was shipped from White Sands Missile Range for use at the Cape Canaveral. Pad 18A was also used on Vanguard TV-0 and TV-1. The goal of TV-2 was to test the final Vanguard first stage, as well as to test the retrorocket system of stage two and spin-up of stage three. Also new to test on TV-2 flight was a super high frequency (SHF) C-band radio beacon on the rocket and ground tracking radar gear, used to track proper propulsion and trajectory. The telemetry was picked up at the Air Force Missile Test Center's (AFMTC) tracking station.

Vanguard TV-2 was successful, the three stage rocket achieved an altitude of 175 km (109 mi), a down range of 539 km (335 mi), and a top speed of 6,840 km/h (4,250 mph). TV-2 landed in the Atlantic Ocean. First and second stage separated on time, all controls and tracking worked. The only problems TV-2 had were on the ground getting ready for the flight as there were many delays. TV-2 was shipped to the Cape not working (agreed and known by all parties). It took from early June to late October in 1957 at the Cape to work out all the problems that were not fixed in the manufacturing. For contrast TV-1 arrived at the cape in February 1956 and lifted off in early May 1956. The delay of TV-2 along with the failure of TV-3, put the USA behind in the space race. On 4 October 1957, 19 days before TV-2's lift off, a Soviet Union Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, taking away some of the joy of TV-2's success.[2][3][4][5][6][7]

Background

Vanguard TV-0, Vanguard TV-1 and Vanguard TV-2 success was an important part of the space race. The space race started between United States and the Soviet Union at the end of World War II, as a race began to retrieve as many V-2 rockets and Nazi Germany V-2 staff as possible.[8] Three hundred rail-car loads of V-2 rocket weapons and parts were captured and shipped to the United States, also 126 of the principal designers of the V-2, including Wernher von Braun and Walter Dornberger, went to America. Von Braun, his brother Magnus von Braun, and seven others decided to surrender to the United States military in Operation Paperclip to ensure they were not captured by the advancing Soviets or shot dead by the Nazis to prevent their capture.[9] Thus the V-2 program started the space race, the V-2 could not orbit, but could reach a height of 88 km (55 mi) on long range trajectory and up to 206 km (128 mi) if launched vertically.[10][11][12]

Due to problems a delays with Vanguard TV-2 and failure of TV-3, Vanguard was not the first rocket to place into orbit an unmanned satellite. The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, it put into orbit an unmanned orbital carrier rocket designed by Sergei Korolev in the Soviet Union, derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit.[13][14][15] The USA later responded by launching the Vanguard TV-4 with Vanguard 1 satellite.[1][16] that was intended to be the first launch vehicle the United States would use to place a satellite into orbit. Instead, the Sputnik crisis caused by the surprise launch of Sputnik 1 led the U.S., after the failure of Vanguard TV-3, to quickly orbit the Explorer 1 satellite using a Juno I rocket launched on 1 February 1958. Thus Vanguard I was the second successful U.S. orbital launch. Thus started the space race, that gave the drive to put men on the moon with the USA's Apollo program.[17][18]

gollark: Done.
gollark: Fine. I'll have GTech™ counterprove it in 2022.
gollark: I proved it wasn't some time ago, however.
gollark: Although they all have annoying tradeoffs, so the best approach is probably just to destroy all quantum computers?
gollark: Some of the post-quantum approaches seem at least vaguely related to number theory.

See also

References
  1. "The Vanguard Satellite Launching Vehicle — An Engineering Summary". B. Klawans. April 1960, 212 pages. Martin Company Engineering Report No 11022, PDF of an optical copy.
  2. "NASA History, Chapter 10". history.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  3. Project Vanguard: The NASA History, By Constance McLaughlin Green, Milton Lomask
  4. "U.S. space-rocket liquid propellant engines". www.b14643.de. Archived from the original on 2015-11-01. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
  5. Winter, Frank H. (1990). "3 — Rockets Enter the Space Age". Rockets Into Space. Harvard University Press. p. 66. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
  6. Project Vanguard: The NASA History, page 282, By Constance McLaughlin Green and Milton Lomask
  7. "Vanguard". astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2013-10-30. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  8. "We Want with the West", Time Magazine, 9 December 1946.
  9. "Wernher von Braun". Retrieved 2009-07-04.
  10. "Bumper Project". White Sands History - Fact Sheets and Articles. US Army. Archived from the original on 2008-01-10. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
  11. 'Long-range' in the context of the time. See NASA history article. Archived 2009-01-07 at the Wayback Machine
  12. Neufeld, Michael J (1995). The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era. New York: The Free Press. pp. 158, 160–2, 190.
  13. "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details – Sputnik 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  14. "Sputnik launch vehicle 8K71PS (M1-1PS)". russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  15. (in Russian) Sputnik Rocket
  16. "Vanguard Project - U.S. Naval Research Laboratory". nrl.navy.mil. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  17. Kennedy, John F. (April 20, 1961). "Memorandum for Vice President". The White House (Memorandum). Boston, MA: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
  18. Launius, Roger D. (July 1994). "President John F. Kennedy Memo for Vice President, 20 April 1961" (PDF). Apollo: A Retrospective Analysis (PDF). Monographs in Aerospace History Number 3. Washington, D.C.: NASA. OCLC 31825096. Retrieved 2013-08-01. Key Apollo Source Documents.

Further reading
  • Mallove, Eugene F. and Matloff, Gregory L. The Starflight Handbook: A Pioneer's Guide to Interstellar Travel, Wiley. ISBN 0-471-61912-4.
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