Vanguard 2

Vanguard 2 or Vanguard II (or Vanguard 2E before launch) is an Earth-orbiting satellite launched 17 February 1959, aboard a Vanguard SLV-4 rocket as part of the United States Navy's Project Vanguard.[3] The success of this launch was an important part of the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union. Vanguard 2 was the first weather satellite.[4][5][6] The satellite was designed to measure cloud-cover distribution over the daylight portion of its orbit, for a period of 19 days, and to provide information on the density of the atmosphere for the lifetime of its orbit (about 300 years).[6][7]

Vanguard 2
A model of the Vanguard 2 satellite in front of the Goddard Space Flight Center.
Mission type
  • Weather satellite
  • Air density experiment
OperatorDepartment of the Navy
Harvard designation1959 Alpha 1
COSPAR ID1959-001A
SATCAT no.11
Mission duration
  • Weather observation: 19 days
  • Atmospheric density studies ongoing
Spacecraft properties
ManufacturerNaval Research Laboratory
Launch mass10.75 kilograms (23.7 lb)
Start of mission
Launch date17 February 1959, 15:55 (1959-02-17UTC15:55Z) UTC[1]
RocketVanguard SLV-4
Launch siteCape Canaveral, LC-18A
End of mission
Last contact15 March 1959
Decay date300 years
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric
RegimeMedium Earth
Semi-major axis8,127.72 kilometers (5,050.33 mi)[2]
Eccentricity0.1472316[2]
Perigee altitude560 kilometers (350 mi)[2]
Apogee altitude2,953 kilometers (1,835 mi)[2]
Inclination32.87°[2]
Period121.54 minutes[2]
RAAN251.33°[2]
Mean anomaly11.85°[2]
Mean motion11.85[2]
Epoch24 January 2015, 14:43:44 UTC[2]
Revolution no.38,278[2]
Instruments
  • Radio beacon
  • Optical scanner
 

As of January 2020, Vanguard 2 was still in orbit.

The Vanguard 2 satellite sketch.

Previous satellites

Before the successful 1959 launch of the satellite that became known as Vanguard 2, multiple attempted launches of "Vanguard 2" named satellite were made in 1958. All of these launches failed to reach orbit. The satellites that failed to reach orbit were:

The satellite whose launch was successful and that became known as the Vanguard 2 was the Vanguard 2E.

Design

The spacecraft is a magnesium sphere 51 cm (20 in) in diameter. It contained two optical telescopes with two photocells. The sphere was internally gold-plated, and externally covered with an aluminum deposit coated with silicon oxide of sufficient thickness to provide thermal control for the instrumentation.

Radio communication was provided by a 1 W, 108.03 MHz telemetry transmitter and a 10 mW, the 108 MHz beacon transmitter that sent a continuous signal for tracking purposes. A command receiver was used to activate a tape recorder that relayed telescope experiment data to the telemetry transmitter.

The power supply for the instrumentation was provided by mercury batteries.[8][9][10]

Mission results

Satellite drag atmospheric density

Because of its symmetrical shape, Vanguard 2 was selected by the experimenters for use in determining upper atmospheric densities as a function of altitude, latitude, season, and solar activity.[11] As the spacecraft continuously orbited, it would lead its predicted positions slightly, accumulating greater and greater advance as it spiraled lower and faster due to the drag of the residual atmosphere. By measuring the rate and timing of orbital shifts, the relevant atmosphere's parameters could be back-calculated knowing the body's drag properties. It was determined that atmospheric pressures, and thus drag and orbital decay, were higher than anticipated, as Earth's upper atmosphere gradually tapered into space.

This experiment was very much planned prior to launch. Initial Naval Research Laboratory proposals for Project Vanguard included conical satellite bodies; this eliminated the need for a separate fairing and ejection mechanisms, and their associated weight and failure modes. Radio tracking would gather data and establish a position. Early in the program, optical tracking (with a Baker-Nunn camera network and human spotters) was added. A panel of scientists proposed changing the design to spheres, at least 51 centimetres (20 in) in diameter and hopefully 76 centimetres (30 in). A sphere would have a constant optical reflection, and constant coefficient of drag, based on size alone, while a cone would vary with orientation. James Van Allen proposed a cylinder, which eventually flew. The Naval Research Lab finally accepted 16 centimetres (6.3 in) spheres as a "test vehicle", with 51 centimetres (20 in) for follow-on satellites. The payload weight savings, from reduced size as well as decreased instrumentation in the early satellites, was considered acceptable for the initial launches. Afterwards, the later Vanguard rockets had some test instrumentation removed, lightening them enough for the 51 cm bodies.[12][13]

As the three Vanguard satellites are still orbiting, with their drag properties essentially unchanged, they form a baseline atmospheric dataset sixty years old and counting. Vanguard 2 has an expected orbital lifetime of 300 years.[11]

Optical scanner

The optical scanner experiment was designed to obtain cloud-cover data between the equator and 35° to 45° N latitude. As the satellite circled Earth, two photocells, located at the focus of two optical telescopes aimed in diametrically opposite directions, measured the intensity of sunlight reflected from clouds (about 80%), from land masses (15 to 20%), and from sea areas (5%). The satellite motion and rotation caused the photocells to scan the Earth in successive "lines". Separate solar batteries turned on a recorder only when the Earth beneath the satellite was in sunlight and about 50 minutes of data per orbit were obtained. The measured reflection intensities were stored on tape. Ground stations interrogated the satellite by signaling its command receiver, which caused the entire tape to be played back in 60 seconds. The tape was then erased and rewound.

For the planned 19 days of the weather experiment, the equipment functioned normally. The satellite was spin-stabilized at 50 rpm, but the optical instrument's data was poor because of an unsatisfactory orientation of the spin axis.[14]

Post mission

After the scientific mission ended, both Vanguard 2 and the upper stage of the rocket used to launch the satellite became derelict objects that would continue to orbit Earth for many years. As of January 2020, both objects remain in orbit.[15][16]

gollark: Cool idea: multivalued functions?
gollark: By induction, repeatedly adding some small change δ only changes the values by insignificant amounts, so it's 0 for all inputs.
gollark: You see, sin 0 = tan 0 = 0, and for any small change δ from 0 the value of sin δ and tan δ are both less than some ε which is really small, so we can ignore it.
gollark: cos x = 1, sin x = tan x = 0, actually.
gollark: Instead of calling arcsin inelegantly, it should instead just iterate through the infinite set of the function's outputs.

See also

References
  1. McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  2. "VANGUARD 2 Satellite details 1959-001A NORAD 11". N2YO. 24 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  3. "VANGUARD - A HISTORY, CHAPTER 12, SUCCESS - AND AFTER". NASA.
  4. "Interesting Goddard Facts and Firsts". NASA. Brian Dunbar. Archived from the original on 2015-12-25. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
  5. Janice Hill (1991). Weather From Above: America's Meteorological Satellites. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 4–7. ISBN 0-87474-394-X.
  6. "Vanguard Project". U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. US Naval Research Lab. 2010-02-01. Archived from the original on 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
  7. NASA, History, Chapter two, SATELLITES
  8. NASA, National Space Science Data Center, Vanguard 2
  9. Vanguard 2, astronautix.com Archived 2016-02-10 at the Wayback Machine
  10. Project Vanguard: The NASA History, By Constance McLaughlin Green, Milton Lomask
  11. "Satellite Drag Atmospheric Density". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved 2018-02-15.
  12. C. McLaughlin Green, M. Lomask, "Vanguard, A History", Chapter 5, Battle over Vehicle Specifications. NASA SP-4202.
  13. "Atmospheric Density Values from Satellite Drag Measurements". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive.
  14. NASA, Optical Scanner, Mission Name: Vanguard 2
  15. "Vanguard 2 - Satellite Information". Satellite database. Heavens-Above. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
  16. "Vanguard 2 Rocket - Satellite Information". Satellite database. Heavens-Above. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
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