Vaccinium deliciosum

Vaccinium deliciosum is a species of bilberry known by the common names Cascade bilberry, Cascade blueberry, and blueleaf huckleberry.

Vaccinium deliciosum
Vaccinium deliciosum full plant
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Ericaceae
Genus: Vaccinium
Species:
V. deliciosum
Binomial name
Vaccinium deliciosum
Piper 1901

Vaccinium deliciosum is native to western North America from British Columbia to northern California with a few isolated populations in eastern Idaho. It grows at elevations of 600–2,000 metres (2,000–6,600 ft) in subalpine and alpine climates. Its habitat includes coniferous forests, meadows, and clearings.[1][2][3]

Description

Vaccinium deliciosum is a rhizomatous shrub taking a clumpy, matted form, its tangling stem rooting where its nodes touch moist substrate. It may form expansive colonies. The new green twigs are hairless and waxy and the deciduous leaves are alternately arranged. The thin oval leaf blades are between 1.5 and 5 cm in length while the edges are mostly smooth but may be serrated near the ends.[4]

Solitary flowers occur in the leaf axils. Each is 6 or 7 millimeters long, widely urn-shaped to rounded, and pale pink in color. The fruit is a waxy blue or reddish berry with a powdery coating which may be over a centimeter (>0.4 inches) wide. It is said to be particularly tasty.[4] This species can sometimes be confused with Vaccinium caespitosum which grows in wetter areas in the same region. V. deliciosum has a powdery coating on the underside of its leaves, while V. caespitosum does not.[5]

Physiology

Studies show that the intense flavor of the fruits of this plant come from at least 31 different aromatic flavor compounds [6] V. deliciosum, like other plants that live alpine communities, have adapted to survive in growing seasons as short as three or four months. From late fall to spring, the plants rely on snow cover to insulate them from temperatures more than several degrees below freezing. Blossoms can become damaged and summer growth can be stunted if the plants experience a hard frost below negative four degrees celsius if unprotected by snow. However, the plants do require a vernalization period of freezing temperatures for at least a few months for flowering to occur.[7]

Vaccinium deliciosum fruit

Ecology

The berries are an important food source subalpine zones, and especially in alpine communities which do not have very many edible plants. Animals that feed on the berries include black bear, birds, mice, and chipmunks, while rabbits and deer eat the foliage. The berries are a favorite among humans, due to their intensely sweet flavor, and can be eaten fresh, dried, or cooked in various dishes. The berries were a staple in the diet of Native Americans in the Columbia Plateau region, who would often travel long distances to harvest the berries. Some tribes performed prescribed burns to create more favorable habitats for the plant.[8] After naturally occurring and prescribed forest fires in alpine communities, V. deliciousum is oftentimes one of the most successful surviving plant species.[9] Since the shrub is rhizomatous, it is sometimes possible to transplant and cultivate cuttings for agricultural or landscaping purposes. However, V. deliciosum oftentimes has difficulty growing at elevations below 2000 ft.[6]

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References
  1. Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
  2. Turner Photographics, Vaccinium deliciosum - Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest photos, description, partial distribution map
  3. Calflora taxon report, University of California, Vaccinium deliciosum Piper, Cascade bilberry
  4. Flora of North America, Vaccinium deliciosum Piper, 1901. Cascade bilberry
  5. Turner, Mark; Gustafson, Phyllis (2006). Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press, Inc. p. 345. ISBN 9780881927450.
  6. "Information on Huckleberry Plants".
  7. Barney, Danny L. "Growing Western Huckleberries" (PDF). University of Idaho. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  8. Russell Janish, Jeanne. "CASCADE BILBERRY Vaccinium deliciosum Piper" (PDF). Plant Guide. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  9. Douglas, George W.; Ballard, T.M. (1971). "Effects of Fire on Alpine Plant Communities in the North Cascades, Washington". Ecology. 52 (36): 1058–1064. doi:10.2307/1933813.
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