Urnes Stave Church

Urnes Stave Church (Norwegian: Urnes stavkyrkje) is a 12th-century stave church at Ornes, along the Lustrafjorden in the municipality of Luster in Vestland county, Norway. It sits on the eastern side of the fjord, directly across the fjord from the village of Solvorn and about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) east of the village of Hafslo. It is among the oldest stave churches in Norway, with parts of the lumber construction dating from the latter half of the 11th century.[1] The church was built on basilica plan inspired by medieval Christian churches, with cylindrical columns and semi-circular arches inside.The decoration on capitals of the columns and outside of the church embodies the visual evidence of the Viking culture’s transformation, assimilation, and adoption of Christianity. The north portal of the church is defined as the Urnes style, which contains decorations derived from Norwegian mythology dated back to the 12th century.

Urnes Stave Church
Urnes stavkyrkje
Religion
AffiliationChurch of Norway
Ecclesiastical or organizational statusChurch
StatusPreserved
Location
LocationOrnes, Luster, Vestland county, Norway
Geographic coordinates61°17′53″N 7°19′21″E
Architecture
Architect(s)Bendik Urne
TypeStave church
StyleRomanesque
Completedc. 1132 (dendrochronological dating)
MaterialsTimber
Official name: Urnes Stave Church
TypeCultural
Criteriai, ii, iii
Designated1979 (3rd session)
Reference no.58
State Party Norway
RegionEurope and North America

It has been owned by Fortidsminneforeningen (Society for the Preservation of Norwegian Ancient Monuments) since 1881. In 1979, the Urnes Stave Church was listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

Context
Location in Sognefjord (map of Norway inserted)

Stave church in Norway can be dated back to 10th–11th century. The word “Stave” (or “Stav” in Norwegian) means a sturdy wood columns that are the comer posts and columns which uphold the overall architectural structure.[2][3] Stave church which therefore can be seen as wooden building in a three dimensional cubic structure covered with wall planks. The frame of the overall structure is constructed with timber balks and the wall planks will used to fitted into the frames where convenient. The Stave Style can be defined as using the upright wall planks.[3]

The church was built around 1130 or shortly thereafter, and still stands in its original location; it is believed to be the oldest of its kind. The 1956 excavation revealed that there are two prior churches built on the same site. The first church was built during the period transition to Christianity with the palisade style, which structural members were embedded into the ground. The second on was built in the latter half of the 11th century. Both of them were small structures with the nave-and-chancel design. In the middle of the 12th century, the second church was torn down; the third church, based on some part of the second one, was vastly different from it. It incorporated a central section of nave which is higher above the rest of the building; the framework contains 16 large staves, and defines nave and surrounding aisles. The roof of the central compartment is 2 meters higher than the roof of aisles. This design was immensely popular in the time and served as inspiration for later stave churches.[2] It provides a link between Christian architecture and the architecture and art forms of the Viking Age with typical animal-ornamentation, the so-called "Urnes style" of animal-art.

Architecture

Interior
The view of the interior.

The entirely wooden churches were built on the classic basilica plan. The main inspiration of the plan was the basilica style of cathedrals in European Christian churches, and the inspiration of the framing the roof lined with boards and the roof covered with shingles was a prevalent architectural techniques in Scandinavian countries. The cylindrical columns with cubic capitals and semi-circular arches in the church revealed the draw on the spatial structures of Romanesque stone architecture.[4]

In the 17th century the nave of the church, which is a raised central room surrounded by an aisle, was extended southwards. Other elements were also added to the church, including a baptismal font (1640), a wooden canopy above the altar (1665) and a pulpit (1693–1695). The altarpiece, which depicts Christ on the cross with the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist, dates from 1699. Windows were added to the church in the 18th century.

Decoration
Capital on post of entry

The decorations on the outside of the Urnes Stave Church, including wood carvings and sculpted decor, serve as visual evidence of the Viking culture’s transformation, assimilation, and adoption of Christianity. Strap-work panels were taken from the previous 11th century Urnes Church and then incorporated into the new structure, keeping elements of Viking tradition alive. The carved decoration of the North Portal, depicting interlaced animals, in this Urnes-style context is one of the last examples of Viking animal ornamentation. The interior of the Church is more richly decorated than the exterior. The structure is partly held up by a series of 12th century wooden columns. At the top of the columns, the capitals are decorated with carvings of human, animal, and vegetal motifs. Some of these capitals contain simple abstracted figures while some contain the traditional interlacing design of the Viking tradition. The Urnes Stave Church is also home to numerous medieval liturgical objects for public worship.[4]

North Portal

The portal and other details of the north wall of the present church, as well as the wall planks of the gables, are decorated in classic Urnes-style. They are probably relics from one of the earlier churches. It has been speculated that the portal may originally have been the main portal, facing west. In mythology and religions, the portal is mean to let people enter into God's house.[5] In a Christian sense, the portals are the symbolic embodiment in the mortal world that present the chaos and struggle with evil in mundane life.[6] Here, the struggle between the serpent with the great beast, as shown in the portal at Urnes, represent the onset of Ragnarok. It is possible that the decoration of the earlier church featured some scenes from Norse mythology, a likely reason for its premature reconstruction in the 12th century. In this context, the animal may be interpreted as Níðhöggr eating the roots of Yggdrasil. "The intertwined snakes and dragons represent the end of the world according to the Norse legend of Ragnarök."[7]

Carvings in north wall portal.

In conclusion, the Urnes style doorway with whorls of writhing snakes and vines carved on, usually contains tangle that is in a welter of animal elongation and plant reduction to vines. The most important point of the huge tangle is to present the inter-twined-ness itself of all living things, animal or vegetable. On the right hand side, about one-third of the way from the bottom a serpent is even emitting a fleur-de-lis from its mouth. The visual characteristic is often referred to by art historians as the Urnes style.[3][5]

17th century to present

The church is built with a rectangular nave and a narrower choir. The nave and choir both have raised central spaces. The choir was extended to the east in the 17th century, but this addition was later removed. The drawing by Johan Christian Dahl depicts this, as well as the deteriorated state of the church at that time. During the 20th century the church underwent a restoration, and the richly decorated wall planks were covered to stop further deterioration.

A large number of medieval constructive elements remain in situ: ground beams (grunnstokker), sills (sviller), corner posts (hjørnestolper), wall planks (veggtiler) and aisle wall plates (stavlægjer). The construction of the raised central area with staves, strings and cross braces, and the roof itself, also date from medieval times. From the previous church on the site remain, in addition to the portal, two wall planks in the northern wall, the corner post of the choir, the western gable of the nave and the eastern gable of the choir.

The church has not been in ordinary use since 1881, when the parish of Urnes was abolished, and it became a part of Solvorn parish in the Sogn prosti (deanery) of the Diocese of Bjørgvin. It is now only used for special occasions in the parish such as baptisms and weddings.[8][9] Interventions to the church building for religious and practical needs have been carried over the centuries. These interventions, in nowadays, are still clearly visible; they have provided authentic testimony to social life and religious practices in Norway. Now, Urnes Stave Church is one of the most popular tourist site in Norway.[4]

Building
  • Drawing by Johan Christian Dahl
  • Front view of the church
  • Exterior view of the church site
  • view of church and fjord
  • view of church and mountain

Carvings
  • Carvings on door jambs and a wall plank of the north wall
  • North door with carved doorjambs
  • Right doorjamb of the north door
  • Lintel of the north door
  • Detail of carving on the left jamb of the north door
  • Detail of carving on left jamb of north door

Interior
  • Pilgrim at a capital on top of a stave
  • Figure of the Madonna
  • Centaur on the capital of a stave or column
  • Interior view of the church, 1937

Literature
  • Krogh, Knud J. (2011): Urnesstilens kirke – Forgængeren for den nuværende kirke på Urnes. Oslo. ISBN 978-82-530-3400-3
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References
  1. Skram, Ola Weel; Svarstad, Solveig (5 November 2019). "Stavkyrkjene i Noreg er eldre enn først anteke" [Norway's stave churches are older than first assumed] (in Norwegian Nynorsk). Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  2. Aune, Petter; Ronald L., Sack; Selberg., Arne (1983). "The Stave Churches of Norway". Scientific American. 249 (2): 96–105. Bibcode:1983SciAm.249b..96A. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0883-96.
  3. Murphy, G. Ronald (2012). "Yggorasil and the Stave Church". Mythlore. 31 (1–2).
  4. "Urnes Stave Church". UNESCO.
  5. Ødeby, Kristine. "Through the Portal: Viking Motifs Incorporated in the Romanesque Style in Telemark, Norway". Papers from the Institute of Archaeology. 23 (1).
  6. Langley, Maria (2000). "Sacred Wood: A Study of the Norwegian Stave Churches". Thesis for Master's of Art, University of Louisville, 2000.
  7. Fazio, Michael W.; Moffett, Marian; Wodehouse, Lawrence (2003). A World History of Architecture. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-07-141751-8.
  8. "Urnes stavkyrkje". Kirkesøk: Kirkebyggdatabasen. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
  9. "Oversikt over Nåværende Kirker" (in Norwegian). KirkeKonsulenten.no. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
This article is based on a translation of the corresponding article from the Norwegian Wikipedia, retrieved on 14 April 2005 and updated on 15 October 2005.
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