Unit Ei 1644
Unit Ei 1644 (Japanese: 栄1644部隊) — also known as Unit 1644, Detachment Ei 1644, Detachment Ei, Detachment Tama,[1]:310–311 The Nanking Detachment, or simply Unit Ei, was a Japanese laboratory and biological warfare facility under control of the Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department. It was established in 1939 in Japanese-occupied Nanking as a satellite unit of Unit 731. It had 12 branches and employed about 1,500 men.[1]:307
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Unit Ei engaged in "producing on a mass scale lethal bacteria to be used as weapons against the Chinese forces and civilian population" and "took a direct part in employing bacteriological weapons against the Chinese forces and local inhabitants during the military operations of the Japanese troops," according to its Chief, Shunji Sato.[1]:73
An anonymous researcher, who claims he was attached to Unit 1644, says that it regularly carried out human vivisections as well as infecting humans with cholera, typhus, and bubonic plague.[2][3] The researcher and his family had not yet reached an agreement about releasing his name.[3] Sato testified that Unit Ei "did not conduct experiments on human beings."[1]:311
Capabilities
Sato testified that while Chief of the Unit, it was "devising bacteriological weapons and producing them on a mass scale. For this purpose the Nanking Detachment Ei was supplied with high-capacity equipment and with bacteriological experts, and it produced lethal bacteria on a mass scale. Under my direction ... the Training Division every year trained about 300 bacteriologists with the object of employing them in bacteriological warfare."[1]:32–33,73
According to Sato, "...the output of bacteria substance was 10 kilograms per production cycle."[1]:308 The facility also bred fleas for the purposes of plague infection.
Sato also testified about the equipment of Unit Ei, "The output capacity of the Nanking Detachment Ei 1644 for the production of lethal bacteria was up to 10 kilograms per production cycle. To produce this quantity of bacteria, Detachment Ei 1644 had the following equipment: Ishii cultivators, about 200; incubator room, 1, dimensions 5x5x3 meters; 2 cylindrical autoclaves, 1 .5 meters in diameter and 2.5 meters long; incubators, about 40-50 steam sterilizers, 40-50 Koch boilers, about 40-50, and for cooking media, the detachment had large retorts..."
Unit Ei Members
The first Chief of Unit Ei was Ishii Shiro, then Colonel Oota. In February 1943, Sato was appointed Chief of Unit Ei. He served as Chief until February 1944.[1]:532 Sato testified at the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials that Unit Ei "possessed high-capacity equipment for the breeding of germs for bacteriological warfare."[1]:15,307
Lieutenant Colonel Onadera was Chief of the General Division.[1]:308 Captain Murata was in charge of breeding fleas.[1]:309
Biological Warfare
In late August 1942, Unit Ei participated in a biological attack against Chinese citizens and soldiers in Yushan County, Jinhua, and Fuqing. As Kawashima Kiyoshi testified, "..[The] bacteriological weapon was employed on the ground, the contaminating of the territory being done by sabotage action. ... The advancing Chinese troops entered the contaminated zone and came under the action of the bacteriological weapon.":24–25 Cholera and plague cultures used during the attack were made at Unit Ei.[1]:58 Sato testified he was told that "plague, cholera and paratyphoid germs were employed against the Chinese by spraying. The plague germs were disseminated through fleas, the other germs in the pure form—by contaminating reservoirs, wells, rivers, etc."[1]:261 The plague fleas were also from Unit Ei.[1]:309
References
- Materials on the Trial of Former Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged With Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons. Foreign Languages Publishing House. 1950.
- Gold, Hal (2004). Unit 731 Testimony. Tuttle Publishing. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-8048-3565-7.
- Gold, Hal (2004). Unit 731 Testimony. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 150–152. ISBN 978-0-8048-3565-7.