Typhoon Sally (1996)

Typhoon Sally, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Maring was an extremely intense tropical cyclone that caused widespread damage across southeastern Asia, particularly in China, in September 1996. Forming well east of the Philippines on September 5, Sally quickly intensified as it tracked westward within favorable conditions. The system reached tropical storm intensity several hours after tropical cyclogenesis was completed, and strengthened further into typhoon intensity the following day. On September 7, Sally reached super typhoon status shortly before attaining its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph) and a barometric pressure of 940 mbar (hPa; 27.76 inHg). Quickly moving across the South China Sea, Sally substantially weakened but remained a strong typhoon before making its first landfall on the Leizhou Peninsula on September 9. The tropical cyclone's trek brought it briefly over the Gulf of Tonkin before making a final landfall near the border of China and Vietnam. The typhoon rapidly deteriorated inland and dissipated later that day.

Typhoon Sally (Maring)
Typhoon (JMA scale)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Typhoon Sally near peak intensity on September 7 near the Philippines
FormedSeptember 2, 1996 (September 2, 1996)
DissipatedSeptember 9, 1996 (September 9, 1996)
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 150 km/h (90 mph)
1-minute sustained: 260 km/h (160 mph)
Lowest pressure940 hPa (mbar); 27.76 inHg
Fatalities140 fatal, 130 missing
Damage$1.5 billion (1996 USD)
Areas affected
Part of the 1996 Pacific typhoon season

Meteorological history
Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

In early September 1996, the monsoonal wind flow pattern shifted to a zone extending from the Philippines to Micronesia, in contrast to an anomalous pattern the month prior. On September 2, an area of deep atmospheric convection within this zone began to consolidate into a tropical disturbance near Guam. At this time, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began to monitor the system. Tracking northwestward, the disturbance steadily organized. Early on September 4, analysis showed that the system had developed a well-defined low-level circulation center. At 0000 UTC the following day, the JTWC upgraded the low-pressure area to tropical depression intensity,[1] while the storm system was situated roughly 1,300 km (800 mi) east of Manila in the Philippines.[2] The rate of intensification quickened during the day, and at 1800 UTC the depression intensified into tropical storm strength, earning it the name Sally.[1]

Tracking north-northwestward, Sally attained typhoon intensity by 0600 UTC on September 6.[1] At the time, the typhoon had a minimum barometric pressure of 990 mbar (hPa; 29.24 inHg) according to the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Rapid intensification followed shortly afterwards, with the typhoon reaching the equivalent of Category 3 intensity by 0600 UTC on September 7.[3] Ten hours later, the JTWC upgraded Sally to super typhoon status.[nb 1] At 1800 UTC, the JTWC assessed Sally to have peaked in strength with maximum sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph), equivalent to that of a Category 5 tropical cyclone on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.[1] The JMA estimated the storm's minimum pressure at the time to be at 950 mbar (hPa; 28.06 inHg).[3] The following morning,[2] Sally accelerated into the South China Sea under the influence of a strong subtropical ridge to the north. Despite its movement over waters, the typhoon steadily weakened as it tracked westward.[1] On September 9,[2] Sally made landfall on China's Leizhou Peninsula with winds of 185 km/h (115 mph). The typhoon briefly tracked over the Gulf of Tonkin before making a second and final landfall just north of the border between China and Vietnam. Upon moving inland, Sally quickly weakened before dissipating over southwestern China on September 9.[1]

Preparations and impact
Image of Sally in the Gulf of Tonkin on September 9

As Typhoon Sally approached Hong Kong on September 8, precautionary measures were initiated in the then-British colony.[5] Ferry service to Hong Kong's outlying islands were suspended, while active fishing vessels sought shelter in the local harbor.[6] The Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) began issuing warning systems for Hong Kong and adjacent areas beginning with a Standby Signal No. 1 early that day, while Sally was located roughly 770 km (480 mi) to the east-southeast. As the typhoon strengthened and rapidly approached the Chinese coast, the HKO issued the Strong Wind Signal No. 3 that evening. In the early morning hours of September 9, Sally made its closest pass to Hong Kong as it moved 180 km (110 mi) off to the south. As such, warnings were raised to the Southeast Gale or Storm Signal No. 8. The signal warning continued to be held for just over 3 hours, the shortest period of time for which that warning was held since Tropical Storm Wynne in 1984. As effects from Sally subsided, the warning signals were downgraded until all warnings were discontinued shortly before noon on September 9.[2] Though the warnings for Hong Kong were lifted early, schools in the colony were suspended throughout September 9.[7]

As the typhoon approached the Chinese coast, two men became stranded on a cliff in Sok Kwu Wan as a result of the storm. Though they required aerial rescue via helicopter, both men only sustained minor injuries.[8] Passing south of Hong Kong throughout September 8–9, Sally remained sufficiently south of the province to not cause considerable damage. However, trees, scaffolding, and signboards were toppled by strong winds. A peak gust of 158 km/h (98 mph) was measured at a station in Tai Mo Shan. Precipitation remained light, though some localized flooding events were reported. The highest measured rainfall total in Hong Kong was 59 mm (2.32 in), though amounts greater than 60 mm (2.36 in) were estimated in some areas of the province. Two people were killed – one in Luk Chau village and another in Ma On Shan. In nearby Macau, trees were also uprooted, and low-lying areas were inundated by flooding conditions exacerbated by the high tides caused by Sally.[2]

Overall in China, the effects of Sally were catastrophic, particularly in the provinces of Hainan, Guangdong and Guangxi. There, at least 140 people were known to have been killed by the typhoon, with an addition 130 unaccounted for and another 2,000 injured. An estimated 300,000 homes collapsed and 500,000 hectares (1.24 million acres) of farmland were damaged. Offshore, 60 vessels capsized in high winds. Overall economic losses from Sally were estimated at over ¥12 billion (US$1.5 billion),[2] the largest loss for the region since 1954.[1]

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See also

Notes
  1. A super typhoon is an unofficial classification used by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center to classify tropical cyclones in the Northwestern Pacific with 1-minute sustained winds in excess of 240 km/h (150 mph).[4]

References
  1. Dillon, C.P.; Andrews, Mark J. (1996). 1996 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF). Joint Typhoon Warning Center Annual Tropical Cyclone Reports (JTWC Annual Tropical Cyclone Report). Hagåtña, Guam: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. pp. 138–141. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  2. Hong Kong Observatory (March 1996). Tropical Cyclones in 1996 (PDF) (JMA Annual Tropical Cyclone Report). Kowloon, Hong Kong: Government of Hong Kong. pp. 38–43. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  3. "1996 SALLY (1996246N08148)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Asheville, North Carolina: University of North Carolina at Asheville. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  4. Goldenburg, Stan (June 1, 2012). "A3) What is a super-typhoon? What is a major hurricane? What is an intense hurricane?". Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). 4.5. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  5. "Typhoon Sally Headed Toward Hong Kong". AM Cycle Newswire. Hong Kong, China. Associated Pres. September 8, 1996.
  6. "Hong Kong Battens Down as Typhoon Approaches". Hong Kong, China. Associated Press. September 8, 1996. International news.
  7. "Vietnam gears for arrival of typhoon Sally". Hanoi, Vietnam. Agence France-Presse. September 9, 1996. International news.
  8. "Morning Warning on Sally". South China Morning News. Hong Kong, China. September 9, 1996. p. 1.
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