Typhoon Judy (1982)

Typhoon Judy, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Susang,[1] was the third tropical cyclone to affect Japan during the 1982 Pacific typhoon season. Forming east of the Philippines in tandem with another system on September 4, the disturbance continued to intensify, and was upgraded into a tropical storm early on September 6 and a typhoon on September 8 while tracking northwestward. On September 9, Judy attained its peak intensity, with winds of 150 km/h (90 mph). Thereafter, increased wind shear took a toll on the typhoon, as it turned northward on September 11 in the general direction of Japan under the influence of a mid-latitude cyclone. Judy passed over southeastern Japan on September 12; by this time, the typhoon had weakened considerably. Judy became an extratropical cyclone almost immediately thereafter.

Typhoon Judy (Susang)
Typhoon (JMA scale)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
Judy making landfall in Japan on September 12
FormedSeptember 4, 1982
DissipatedSeptember 12, 1982
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 150 km/h (90 mph)
1-minute sustained: 165 km/h (105 mph)
Lowest pressure955 hPa (mbar); 28.2 inHg
Fatalities26 total, 8 missing
Damage$505 million (1982 USD)
Areas affectedJapan
Part of the 1982 Pacific typhoon season

Across Japan, a total of 26 people were killed, eight others were rendered as missing, and 86 were injured. A total of 61,000 homes were flooded. Three boats sank and highways were cut in 956 locations. It is estimated that 1,100 landslides occurred during the passage of the cyclone. Downtown Tokyo sustained the worst of the damage, where 8,000 homes were flooded. Approximately 200,000 travelers were stuck after 25 train lines were flooded, including 17,000 individuals who were stranded on 40 stalled trains.

Meteorological history
Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

The origins of Typhoon Judy can be traced back from a highly active monsoon trough along the low-latitudes of the Western Pacific basin in the first week of September. Two tropical disturbances soon developed, the first of which later spawned Typhoon Irving. By September 4, the systems developed a surface circulation. Later that day, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) on the second system.[2][nb 1] This system rapidly became better organized, and on September 5, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) starting watching the second system.[4][nb 2] Following an increase in organized thunderstorm activity near the center, the JTWC started issuing warnings on Tropical Depression 19 at 1600 UTC that day. At 2200 UTC on September 6, Hurricane Hunters reported winds of 80 km/h (50 mph) and a pressure of 994 mbar (30 inHg). Based on this, both the JTWC and the JMA upgraded the depression into Tropical Storm Judy early the next day.[2][4]

Tropical Storm Judy was initially expected by the JTWC to move west-northwest because a subtropical ridge was expected to build north of the system. However, the ridge did not build, which enabled Judy to track northeastward under the influence of a tropical upper-tropospheric trough (TUTT) located to north of the cyclone.[2] Meanwhile, the storm held its intensity of about 36 hours, but on September 7, the JMA upgraded the low into a severe tropical storm.[4] Due to the lack of wind shear, Judy continued to intensify.[2] Meanwhile, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration also briefly monitored the storm and assigned it with the local name Susang.[1] At 0600 UTC on September 8, the JMA upgraded the system to typhoon status. The storm intensified slightly thereafter, and early the next day, the JMA estimated that Judy attained peak intensity of 150 km/h (90 mph) and a pressure of 950 mbar (28 inHg).[4] Later on September 9, the JTWC reported that Judy reached peak intensity of 165 km/h (105 mph), equivalent to a mid-level Category 2 hurricane on the United States-based Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale.[2]

Shortly after its peak, cool air began to take a toll on the system as it ingested the remnants of the TUTT. By late on September 9, virtually all deep convection associated with Judy was removed from the center.[2] Based on this, the JMA lowered the intensity of the system to 130 km/h (80 mph). Moving slower than expected due the strong northwesterly flow over the Sea of Japan, the system became better organized due to a brief decrease in wind shear.[2] However, Typhoon Judy failed to intensify further.[4] On September 11, Judy began to accelerate in the general direction of Japan as interaction with the TUTT ceased. The next day, wind shear once again increased significantly; consequently, thunderstorm activity decreased along the southwest portion of Judy.[2] Despite this, no change in intensity occurred.[4] At 0800 UTC on September 12, Judy moved onshore at Omezaki Point on Honshu,[2] while still producing hurricane-force winds.[4] Four hours later, however, the JMA demoted Judy to a severe tropical storm.[4] Midday on September 12, the JTWC downgraded Judy to a tropical storm.[6] Several hours later, the agency noted that Judy had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone,[2] with the JMA following suit the next day. On September 15, the JMA ceased monitoring the system.[4]

Impact

Upon making landfall in Japan,[2] 730 mm (29 in) of rain fell in Oshima, including 713 mm (28.1 in) of precipitation within 24 hours. Additionally, Kikugawamakinohara sustained a peak total of 91 mm (3.6 in) in an hour. Furthermore, a wind gust of 115 km/h (71 mph) was measured in Tsukubasan.[7] A total of 34 people were killed[8] and 86 were hurt.[9] A total of 61,000 homes were flooded.[10] Three boats sank.[9] Downtown Tokyo sustained the worst of the damage.[11] Nearby, the Kanda River overflowed their banks, flooding 8,000 dwellings,[12] including 2,000 in the Shinjuku entertainment district.[13] Throughout Tokyo, 590,100 homes lost power; however, power service was quickly restored to all but 20,000. In Shizuoka and Kanagawa, eight people perished because of mudslides. Offshore, one person died due to 3 to 4 m (9.8 to 13.1 ft) waves. One person died and three others were lost when a boat with 10 anglers was capsized due to rough seas off the coast of Kobe.[9] Throughout Tokyo, 12 people perished and three were reportedly missing.[13] Elsewhere, in Iiyama, a river overflowed their banks, flooding 631 residencies.[12] Approximately 300 km (185 mi) north of Tokyo, in Sendai, a three-story apart complex was turned upside-down.[14] All the residents living in the complex were rescued.[12]

About 50,000 police men and soldiers were mobilized to help with rescue work.[9] A total of 105 homes were destroyed.[15] In addition, 1,100 landslides were reported while river banks broke in 20 places.[16] According to officials, highways were cut in 956 spots and bridges were damaged in 43 locations.[15] Around 200,000 passengers were stranded after railroad lines near Tokyo[9] were inundated in 25 places.[16] Moreover, around 17,000 persons on 40 stalled trains were stranded for the night.[17] Air travel in Tokyo and Handa were halted due to strong winds.[9] Damage nationwide were about ¥125.8 billion (US$505 million).[18]

Typhoon Judy was the second storm to affect Japan within a month,[19] as well as the third to system affect the nation during the 1982 Pacific typhoon season.[20] From all three systems combined, the death toll exceeded 100.[21] A few weeks later, Typhoon Ken became the fourth storm of the year to rake the islands of Japan.[8]

gollark: Oh, no, the `nil` metatable thing is not actually to patch any bug, it just introduces new ones.
gollark: The root of it seems to be that one of your tables is nil.
gollark: Well, ish.
gollark: Yes, it is as I thought, that should be fixable.
gollark: Well, I can patch that.

See also

References
  1. Michael V. Padua (November 6, 2008). "PAGASA Tropical Cyclone Names 1963–1988". Typhoon 2000. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  2. Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Western Oceanography Center (1983). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1982 (PDF) (Report). United States Navy, United States Airforce. pp. 108–110. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
  3. Christopher W Landsea; Hurricane Research Division (April 26, 2004). "Subject: D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?". Frequently Asked Questions:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
  4. Japan Meteorological Agency (October 10, 1992). RSMC Best Track Data – 1980–1989 (Report). Archived from the original (.TXT) on December 5, 2014. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
  5. "Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000" (PDF). Japan Meteorological Agency. February 2001. p. 3. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
  6. Kenneth R. Knapp; Michael C. Kruk; David H. Levinson; Howard J. Diamond; Charles J. Neumann (2010). 1982 Judy (1982247N11147). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  7. Digital Typhoon (March 19, 2013). Typhoon 198218. Digital Typhoon Detailed Track Information (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
  8. "Four die". The Lewiston Journal. Associated Press. September 25, 1982. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
  9. "International News". Associated Press. September 12, 1982. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  10. "International". United Press International. September 12, 1982. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  11. "Typhoon Judy rakes Japan". St. Petersburg Times. September 13, 1982. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
  12. "Typhoon dies out after killing 26". United Press International. September 13, 1982. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  13. "Typhoon Judy sweeps into Japan". The Lewiston Journal. Associated Press. September 13, 1982. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
  14. "Typhoon Judy leaves 26 dead". The Phoenix. Associated Press. September 14, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
  15. "International". United Press International. September 13, 1982. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  16. "Typhoon Judy Hits Japan". The Windsor Star. September 13, 1982. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
  17. "Typhoon Judy Spreads Chaos Across Japan". The Weekend Sun. September 13, 1982. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
  18. "台風198218号 (Judy) - 災害情報". Digital Typhoon (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
  19. "Typhoon Judy leaves 26 dead". New Straight Times. September 14, 1982. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
  20. "Typhoon Judy Leaves 26 Dead, Eight Missing Across Honshu". The Montreal Gazette. United Press International. September 14, 1982. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
  21. "Typhoon Judy kills 22 in Japan". Youngstown Vindicator. Associated Press. September 13, 1982. Retrieved November 26, 2013.

Notes
  1. Wind estimates from the JMA and most other basins throughout the world are sustained over 10 minutes, while estimates from the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1 minute. 10 minute winds are about 1.14 times the amount of 1 minute winds.[3]
  2. The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.[5]
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