Typhoon Joan (1997)

Typhoon Joan of October 1997 was the longest-lasting super typhoon at the time, maintaining 1-minute maximum sustained winds of at least 240 km/h (150 mph) for 4.5 days.[nb 1] Joan, concurrently with Typhoon Ivan to its west, also became the strongest typhoons at the same time in the northwest Pacific Ocean. The 25th named storm during the active 1997 Pacific typhoon season, Joan developed from the same trough as Typhoon Ivan on October 11. It moved northwestward and later to the west, undergoing explosive deepening to its peak intensity on October 15. One typhoon warning agency estimated that Joan was among the strongest storms on record in the basin, and that Ivan and Joan marked the first occurrence of simultaneous super typhoons. While near peak intensity, Joan passed between Anatahan and Saipan in the Northern Marianas Islands. Later, the typhoon weakened and turned to the north and east, becoming extratropical on October 24.

Typhoon Joan
Typhoon (JMA scale)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Typhoon Joan at peak intensity on October 18
FormedOctober 13, 1997
DissipatedOctober 26, 1997
(Extratropical after October 24)
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 195 km/h (120 mph)
1-minute sustained: 295 km/h (185 mph)
Lowest pressure905 hPa (mbar); 26.72 inHg
Fatalities1 confirmed, 2 missing
DamageOver $200,000 (1997 USD)
Areas affectedMarshall Islands, Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, Japan, Hawaii
Part of the 1997 Pacific typhoon season

On Saipan, Typhoon Joan destroyed 37 houses and caused an island-wide power outage. Three people were injured due to boarding up their house during the storm. On nearby Anatahan, high winds caused $200,000 (1997 USD) worth of crop and property damage. Later, high waves affected southern Japan and northwestern Hawaii. On Chichi-jima, Joan caused a boat to capsize, killing one of its occupants and leaving two others missing.

Meteorological history
Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

In the first week of October 1997, westerly winds near the equator in the western Pacific Ocean produced troughs – extended areas of low pressure – at a low latitude in the northern and southern hemisphere. The system in the South Pacific eventually developed into Tropical Cyclone Lusi, while the trough in the northern hemisphere eventually spawned two systems – Typhoon Ivan formed to the west, and the system that would eventually become Typhoon Joan developed along the eastern periphery. By October 10, the eastern system consisted of an area of poorly-organized convection, moving slowly to the northwest. On the next day, satellite imagery suggested a circulation had developed.[2] The system increased in size and the convection organized further, prompting the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC)[nb 2] to initiate advisories on Tropical Depression 28W on October 13.[2] Also on that day, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)[nb 3] estimated that a tropical depression had developed near the Marshall Islands.[4]

After its development, the depression turned more to the west, intensifying into Tropical Storm Joan on October 14. Early in the storm's duration, neither the JTWC nor most tropical cyclone forecast models anticipated significant strengthening beyond 1-minute winds of 185 km/h (115 mph); this was due to a fairly weak monsoon trough and normal atmospheric pressures in the region. Late on October 15, the JTWC upgraded Joan to typhoon status,[2] and the JMA followed suit the next day.[4] Over a 36‑hour period beginning at 1800 UTC on October 15, the JTWC estimated that the pressure decreased by 100 mbar (3.0 inHg), or roughly 2.4 mbar (0.071 inHg) per hour; based on the agency's assessment, Joan underwent explosive deepening during that time, reaching an estimated minimum pressure of 872 mbar (25.8 inHg). Near peak intensity, Joan had a well-defined eye within a circular area of very deep convection, organized to such an extent that it warranted a Dvorak rating of at least T8.0, the highest number on the scale used to estimate tropical cyclone intensities via satellite imagery.[2] If the estimate were correct, it would make Joan among the top five Pacific typhoons on record.[5] On October 17, the JTWC estimated 1-minute peak winds of 295 km/h (185 mph), making Joan a super typhoon, the ninth of the season.[2] By contrast, the JMA estimated peak 10-minute winds of 195 km/h (120 mph) with a pressure of 905 mbar (26.7 inHg).[4]

While near peak intensity on October 17, Joan was located about 2100 km (1300 mi) east of Typhoon Ivan, which had also reached super typhoon status; the JTWC later noted that it was "the first observation of two tropical cyclones of such extreme intensity existing simultaneously in the Northwest Pacific." Despite the proximity to Ivan, the two typhoons did not undergo the Fujiwhara effect. The JTWC estimated that Joan weakened slightly after reaching peak winds,[2] although the JMA maintained the typhoon at peak intensity for nearly three whole days.[4] Joan gradually turned more to the northwest, passing between Anatahan and Saipan in the Northern Marianas Islands (NMI) on October 18.[2] On October 20, the JMA estimated that the typhoon began weakening,[4] and on the same day Joan turned sharply to the north. On the next day, Joan weakened below super typhoon intensity for the first time in 4.5 days, a record at the time based on JTWC analysis.[2] This record was later surpassed by Typhoon Fengshen in 2002 and Typhoon Ioke in 2006.[6][7] By October 21, the typhoon had accelerated to the east and was quickly weakening.[2] The next day, Joan passed about 230 km (145 mi) north of the Japanese island of Iwo Jima.[8] On October 24, the typhoon turned to the northeast while losing tropical characteristics,[2] and that day the JMA ceased tracking Joan.[4] The JTWC declared the typhoon as extratropical on October 25 around the same time it crossed the international date line.[2] Former Typhoon Joan merged with a cold front and re-intensified while approaching the Aleutian Islands, and was noted by the Mariners Weather Log as an extratropical storm on October 26.[9]

Impact
Typhoons Ivan (left) and Joan (right) on October 18

While passing about 80 km (50 mi) of Saipan, Joan produced wind gusts of 157 km/h (98 mph),[2] strong enough to destroy 37 homes and damage the roofs of several other houses. Residents were slow to prepare for the typhoon, and as a result, three people were injured while boarding up their house during the arrival of the strong winds. The passage of Joan left the entire island of Saipan without power,[10] although electrical crews quickly worked to restore the outages. During the storm's passage, about 900 people stayed in shelters,[11] after the government opened six schools for residents.[12] In nearby Anatahan, Joan left heavy damage to boats, machinery, and public buildings. The typhoon damaged various crops, and monetary damage was estimated at $200,000 (1997 USD).[10] As a result of the damage, both islands within the NMI were declared disaster areas, which allowed residents and businesses to apply for federal loans through the United States Small Business Administration.[13]

While passing between Saipan and Anatahan in the NMI, the eye of Joan was visible by NEXRAD from Guam, despite being 285 km (180 mi) north of the island.[2] An outer rainband moved across the island, producing 56 mm (2.2 in) of rainfall at Anderson Air Force Base and a wind gust of 66 km/h (41 mph) at the National Weather Service office in Tiyan.[10]

Typhoon Joan produced waves as high as 7 m (22 ft) in the southern islands of Japan.[8] In Chichi-jima, the typhoon dropped 115 mm (4.5 in) and brought winds as strong as 91 km/h (60 mph).[14] The combination of strong winds and high waves on the island broke a boat from a moorings, causing it to capsize when the boat struck rocks. Of the five people on board, two swam safely to shore, two were reported missing, and one person was confirmed killed.[15] The extratropical remnants of Joan also produced high swells in Hawaii, with wave heights of 4.6 m (15 ft) along northern shores.[16]

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See also

Notes
  1. Tropical cyclone intensities are measured by maximum sustained winds. In the western Pacific Ocean, the Japan Meteorological Agency estimates sustained winds over a duration of 10 minutes,[1] while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center estimates sustained winds over 1 minute.[2] Winds sustained over 1 minute are roughly 12% higher than 10 minute winds.[3]
  2. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the western Pacific Ocean and other regions.[2]
  3. The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.[1]

References
  1. Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo: Typhoon Center 2003 (PDF) (Report). Japan Meteorological Agency. 8. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
  2. "Super Typhoons Ivan (27W) and Joan (28W)". 1997 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. January 1999. p. 101-108. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  3. Chris Landsea. "Subject: D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean ? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones ?". Frequently Asked Questions (Report). Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
  4. Kenneth R. Knapp; Michael C. Kruk; David H. Levinson; Howard J. Diamond; Charles J. Neumann (2010). 1997 Joan (1997284N04179). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  5. David Longshore (2008). Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones, New Edition. New York, New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 88. ISBN 9781438118796. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  6. Gary Padgett (2002). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary July 2002". Retrieved 2012-09-18.
  7. Gary Padgett (2006). "Tropical Cyclone Summary for August 2006". Retrieved 2012-09-18.
  8. Gary Padgett (1997). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary October 1997". Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  9. George P. Bancroft (August 1998). Mariners Weather Log (PDF). 42 (2): 34–35 http://www.vos.noaa.gov/MWL/aug1998.pdf. Retrieved 2014-01-21. Missing or empty |title= (help); |chapter= ignored (help)
  10. Hurricane (Typhoon) Event Details for Guam (Report). National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
  11. "Powerful typhoon sweeps by Saipan". Star-News. 1997-10-19. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
  12. "Pacific Typhoon bears down on Saipan". Associated Press. 1997-10-17. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  13. "Declaration of Disaster #2984" (PDF). Federal Register. 62 (218). 1997-11-12. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
  14. Digital Typhoon. Typhoon 199724 (Joan) (Report). Retrieved 2014-01-22.
  15. "Four men missing as Typhoon Joan approaches islands off Tokyo". Agence France-Presse. 1997-10-22. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  16. "Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena with Late Reports and Corrections" (PDF). Storm Data. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 39 (10): 36. October 1997. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
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