Two Flags West

Two Flags West is a 1950 Western drama set during the American Civil War, directed by Robert Wise and starring Joseph Cotten, Jeff Chandler, Linda Darnell, and Cornel Wilde. The opening credits contain the following statement:

On December 8th, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln issued a Special Proclamation, whereby Confederate Prisoners of War might gain their freedom, provided they would join the Union Army to defend the frontier West against the Indians.[1]

Two Flags West
Theatrical release poster
Directed byRobert Wise
Produced byCasey Robinson
Screenplay byCasey Robinson
Story byFrank S. Nugent
Curtis Kenyon
StarringJoseph Cotten
Linda Darnell
Jeff Chandler
Cornel Wilde
Music byHugo Friedhofer
CinematographyLeon Shamroy
Edited byLouis Loeffler
Color processBlack and white
Production
company
20th Century Fox
Distributed by20th Century Fox
Release date
  • October 12, 1950 (1950-10-12)
Running time
92 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish

Based on the historical service of "Galvanized Yankees", the film tells the story of a company of imprisoned Confederate Army cavalry troopers given such amnesty. The company of Georgia veterans journeys to a remote New Mexico post commanded by an embittered, Southerner-hating major who expects them to desert at the first opportunity. The fulfillment of that expectation is challenged by an attack on the fort itself by Kiowa.

Two Flags West was one of a wave of Civil War reconciliation-themed Westerns in the 1950s, in which soldiers from North and South combine against a common foe, that included Rocky Mountain (1950), The Last Outpost (1951), Escape from Fort Bravo (1953), and Revolt at Fort Laramie (1957).[2]

Synopsis

In the autumn of 1864, remnants of the Confederate 5th Georgia Cavalry are prisoners of war in the Union prison camp at Rock Island, Illinois. Sick and dying in deplorable conditions, they find a chance for survival when Union Captain Mark Bradford (Cornel Wilde) offers them release from "this stinking pesthole"[3] if they will join the Union Army to garrison a fort on the western frontier, undermanned because its able-bodied regulars have been sent east, leaving only "greenhorns or casualties"[4] like Bradford to fight Indians. Although promised that they will not be compelled to fight against their own, many of the Georgians resist the offer. Putting the decision to a vote, the issue is deadlocked when the last soldier dies before he can choose. Compassion for his men, and Bradford's sincerity, compels their reluctant commander, Col. Clay Tucker (Joseph Cotten) to break the tie by agreeing to the conditions offered.

The troop arrives at Fort Thorn, New Mexico, a small outpost of the 3rd Cavalry. Their welcome from the post commander, Major Henry Kenniston (Jeff Chandler), is stern and provocative. The bitter Kenniston has a limp from a wound that relegated him to Fort Thorn early in the war. Tucker, now a lieutenant in the Union Army, dines with Kenniston, his widowed sister-in-law Elena (Linda Darnell) and civilian guests, and is irritated by their patronizing comments. The tension increases when Tucker reveals that he led the cavalry charge that killed Elena's husband. Elena has been stranded for months at the fort on her way home, and is uneasy about her brother-in-law's protectiveness, suspecting that he believes himself to be his late brother's surrogate.

Friction quickly develops between the Northern and Southern soldiers. When Tucker's men try to pursue a band of Indians but are ordered to stop, they mock the order as Yankee irresoluteness. Kenniston rebukes them, warning them they had been riding into an ambush. He assigns the Georgians to execute two civilians convicted of gunrunning, but when informed that they were actually Confederate agents, Tucker objects as a violation of their enlistment agreement, to no avail. He begins plotting to desert the command, which Kenniston shrewdly deduces. On the rationalization that he does not want "enemies" in his ranks, he assigns Tucker's troop to escort a wagon train across hostile territory, knowing Tucker will deliver it safely before deserting. Elena escapes by concealing herself in a wagon, which Tucker discovers but allows to continue. Ephraim Strong (Harry von Zell), a civilian in the train, reveals himself as a Confederate agent and enlists Tucker in a plan to link California with the South. He persuades Tucker to return to Fort Thorn and to take back Elena to gain Kenniston's confidence. While surprised by Tucker's actions, Kenniston continues to be wary of him.

The troop is away from the fort when Kenniston executes a Kiowa warrior, son of the chief Satank, as a "rebel and traitor". Tucker receives his orders to join the Confederates and makes Bradford a prisoner. He has him escorted back to the fort but Bradford's escort returns to report that the fort is under siege by hundreds of Kiowa warriors. Despite strong misgivings, Tucker decides to return. The troop fights its way into the fort, but can only delay the inevitable, saved from annihilation only by the setting of the sun. Bradford is killed. Kenniston decides to offer himself as a sacrifice and turns over command to Tucker. A few days later a dispatch rider arrives with news that Gen. Sherman has completed his march to the sea, spelling doom for the Confederacy. Elena tries to comfort a despairing Tucker with the hope that things will seem better tomorrow.

Cast

Casting notes

Fox had originally intended the role of "Col. Clay Tucker" to be played by either Victor Mature or Richard Basehart, but Joseph Cotten was cast at the last minute, loaned to Fox by Selznick International Pictures.

Production

The film was originally known as Trumpet to the Morn.

The role of the major was meant to be played by Lee J. Cobb who owed 20th Century Fox a film. (He had recently ended a long-term contract with the studio after refusing to make Where the Sidewalk Ends.) However Cobb was replaced by Jeff Chandler, who had a six-film contract with Fox after making Broken Arrow of which this was the second movie. He had to commute from Hollywood to the location because of his radio commitments.[5][6]

Locations

The movie was filmed on location at San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico, using buildings of the Pueblo for those of the Fort Thorn, and on the nearby Shipman Ranch near Black Mesa,[7] which is seen prominently in the film. The local Tewa inhabitants agreed to use of their community, some of whose buildings dated back 400 years, when director Robert Wise promised that filming would remain clear of the tribal kiva (underground council room), cemetery, and sacred shrines.[1]

Historical basis

Screenwriter Frank S. Nugent developed the concept for the film while writing the screenplay for She Wore a Yellow Ribbon in 1948. During research, Nugent consulted historians Dee Brown and Martin F. Schmitt, authors of Fighting Indians of the West, for sources of information about the use of "Galvanized Yankees",[8] and learned that Confederate plans to connect El Paso, Texas with California were formulated in late 1864. He submitted his story, The Yankee From Georgia, to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer but did not receive an offer. The project for Fox began with the working title, Trumpet to the Morn.[1][9] The circumstances of the recruiting and delivery of Tucker's men are similar to those experienced by Union Capt. Henry Palmer and Company K of the 11th Ohio Cavalry from Camp Chase, Ohio, to Fort Kearney, Nebraska, and thence on to Fort Laramie, Wyoming in 1864.[10] They were also the only former Confederate cavalrymen (originally part of Morgan's Raiders) to see service as "Galvanized Yankees" on the Western frontier.

The historical Fort Thorn was built in December 1853 on the west bank of the Rio Grande, 45 miles (72 km) north of Las Cruces, New Mexico (near present-day Hatch) to defend local settlements against raids by Apache Indians, primarily those of the Mescalero band. Fort Thorn became the eastern terminus of a road built in 1856 across Arizona from Fort Yuma until 1860, when the post closed as a permanent garrison.[11]

In 1861 it was reoccupied as a forward outpost when the Civil War began and Texas organized an expeditionary force to seize New Mexico as part of its Arizona Territory. Union troops withdrew from Fort Thorn in August after a defeat at Mesilla at the Texas end of the valley. Confederate forces occupied the site in January 1862 to stage for an advance north, but in April were forced to withdraw from New Mexico. Fort Thorn again became a Union post on July 4, 1862.[11][12]

Union forces stationed at Fort Thorn were companies of the 3rd Infantry and Regiment of Mounted Riflemen (which became the 3rd Cavalry in 1861) between 1855 and 1860, and the 5th Infantry. In September 1861, Captain Robert M. Morris defeated a force of Texans neat Fort Thorn with Companies C, G and K of the 3rd Cavalry. Detachments of the 3rd Cavalry continued to operate from Fort Thorn, as depicted, until September 1862, when that regiment was sent east to fight against the Confederacy. Although Fort Thorn was likely not occupied after that time, the 5th Infantry remained in New Mexico throughout the Civil War, and in theory its forces could have been augmented by "Galvanized Yankees".

The 5th Georgia Cavalry was an actual unit of the Confederate Army of the Tennessee but saw service exclusively in the war's Western Theater, not with Jeb Stuart as depicted.[13] Satank was an actual personage, but his notoriety was primarily post-bellum of the Civil War, and in Texas. The only officer commissioned from the ranks of the "Galvanized Yankees" was John T. Shanks, born in Texas, who had been a supply captain of the Tennessee Volunteers captured with Morgan's Raiders. Characterized as an adventurer, con man, and criminal, he was awarded command of a company of the 6th U.S.V.I. for his assistance in thwarting a breakout at the Camp Douglas prison camp.[14] A detachment of Company H of the 5th U.S.V.I. escorting a wagon train in June 1865 is the only known unit of Galvanized Yankees to venture into New Mexico.[15]

The plot scenario of the Confederacy attempting to militarily link Texas to California was attempted in 1862. In the film, when Confederate agent Ephraim Strong enlists Tucker into participating in the scheme, Tucker alludes to the unsuccessful New Mexico Campaign by saying, "You mean what General Sibley had in mind three years ago?" Historically the strategy remained a proposed contingency until late in the war, although it was never again attempted.

Reception

Two Flags West opened October 14, 1950, at the Rivoli Theater in New York City, to a favorable review from New York Times critic Bosley Crowther.[16]

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gollark: You can quite easily do a doubly linked list, but if you manipulate it wrong it might turn into a horrible graph.
gollark: SMH my head, just have an unboxed vector of Word8s and store all data in that?!
gollark: Perhaps something something ring buffer.
gollark: Linked lists are generally best avoided.

References
  1. "Two Flags West – notes". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 30 April 2009.
  2. Woodworth, Steven E. ed. (1996). The American Civil War: A handbook of Literature and Research, Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29019-9, p. 614.
  3. Wills, Brian Steel (2006). Gone with the Glory: The History of the Civil War in Cinema, Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-4525-3, p. 167.
  4. Wills (2006), p. 168.
  5. Schallert, Edwin (Mar 1, 1950). "Drama: Hayward Slates Picture; 20th Casts Chandler; 'Chaplains' Activated". Los Angeles Times. p. A7.
  6. THOMAS F. BRADY (Mar 3, 1950). "LEE J. COBB GETS RELEASE AT FOX: Studio Ends His Contract, but May Use Him in One Film-- Actor Had Been Suspended". New York Times. p. 21.
  7. "New Mexico filmography: Two Flags West". Filmnewmexico. Archived from the original on 6 December 2007. Retrieved 30 April 2009.
  8. Brown later authored a book (The Galvanized Yankees) on the topic in 1963, reprinted in 1986.
  9. A line spoken by Horatio to Marcellus at the end of Act I Scene I of Hamlet.
  10. Brown, Dee (1963). The Galvanized Yankees. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-6075-X., pp. 183-184
  11. Keleher, William A. (1951, 1982). Turmoil in New Mexico. Rydal Press, ISBN 0-8263-0632-2, p. 271, note 58.
  12. Col. Christopher H. McNally, who commanded the 3rd U.S.V.I. regiment of Galvanized Yankees at Julesburg, Colorado, had been a troop commander of the 3rd Cavalry at Mesilla in 1861.
  13. Perhaps entirely coincidental, its fictional "Colonel Tucker" had an historical counterpart in Colonel Julius G. Tucker, a former cavalryman who commanded Tucker's Confederate Regiment in 1865, composed of former Union soldiers "galvanized" into Confederate service.
  14. Brown (1963), p. 162
  15. Brown (1963), p. 205
  16. Crowther, Bosley (1950). "The Screen in Review: Two Flags West". New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2009.
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