Tulišen

Tulišen (also spelled Tulishen or Tulixen, Manchu: , Chinese: 圖理珅; pinyin: Túlǐshēn; 1667–1741) was a Manchu official and diplomat during the early Qing dynasty.

This name uses Manchu naming customs. The given name is Tulišen, it should be used solely or with titles but not with the clan name Ayan Gioro.

Tulišen was a member of the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner in the Eight Banners and belonged to the Ayan Gioro clan. In 1712, after having served in several minor positions in the Qing government, the Kangxi Emperor appointed him to the Qing embassy to Ayuka Khan (r. 1673-1724) of the Torghuts, who had migrated to the lower Volga River, where they had formed the Kalmyk Khanate under Peter I of the Russian Empire. The whole journey through Russia's Siberian territories took three years and Tulišen later recorded the journey in a famous travelogue, which was published in 1723. This fascinated many readers in Europe, and later appeared in English, German, Russian and French translations.

In 1720 he dealt with the Izmailov mission to Peking. In 1727, Tulišen served as head of the Qing delegation when the Treaty of Kyakhta was negotiated with the Russian representative Savva Lukich Vladislavovich-Raguzinsky. However, upon his return to the capital Beijing, he was accused of misconduct during the treaty negotiations as well as having betrayed military secrets earlier in his career. He was tried and sentenced to death in 1728, but the Yongzheng Emperor eventually pardoned him. Following the enthronement of the Qianlong Emperor in 1735, Tulišen was given a number of important positions in the government, but was later forced to retire because of failing health.

Further reading
  • Perdue, Peter C. China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press, 2005.
  • Fang, Chao-ying (1943). "Tulišen". In Hummel Sr., Arthur W. (ed.). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.
  • Tulišen. Narrative of the Chinese Embassy to the Khan of the Tourgouth Tartars, in the Years 1712, 13, 14, & 15. Translated by Sir George Thomas Staunton. London: J. Murray, 1821.
gollark: Also, to help with sleep monitoring, it will ship with an optional EEG headset.
gollark: A what? No, this is the osmarksßßsmartwatch™.
gollark: Anyway, the osmarksßßsmartwatch™ will also incorporate the latest sensor technology, like an accelerometer, a compass for some reason also, a thermometer, a barometer, a humidity sensor, a light level/UV/IR sensor, an ultrasonic distance sensor, a regular microphone, an irregular microphone, lidar, radar, an infrared thing, two incompatible software defined radios, that one weird IC some company made for some reason to detect lightning strikes nearby, a spectrometer, LEDs abused as photodetectors, a DVD player (DVDs must be shrunken or trimmed before use), a portable DNA sequencer, a multi-axis Hall effect sensor, phased array satellite transceivers, atmospheric bismuth concentration meters, an apiometer, a mouse trackball, an optical mouse (miniaturized), a full 22-key keyboard, 3 dedicated hardware buttons, a fan noise detector and estimator, and a blood oxygen concentration reader.
gollark: We'll send them cardboard models.
gollark: Instead of traditional OLED or LCD displays, it will aim lasers directly into your retinas.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.