Tschermakite
The endmember hornblende tschermakite (☐Ca2(Mg3Al2)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2) is a calcium rich monoclinic amphibole mineral. It is frequently synthesized along with its ternary solid solution series members tremolite and cummingtonite so that the thermodynamic properties of its assemblage can be applied to solving other solid solution series from a variety of amphibole minerals.
| Tschermakite | |
|---|---|
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| General | |
| Category | Silicate mineral (amphibole) |
| Formula (repeating unit) | ☐Ca2(Mg3Al2)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| Strunz classification | 9.DE.10 |
| Crystal system | Monoclinic |
| Crystal class | Prismatic (2/m) (same H-M symbol) |
| Space group | C2/m |
| Unit cell | a = 9.762(6) Å b = 17.994(12) Å c = 5.325(6) Å; β = 105.10(8)°; Z = 2 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Medium to dark green to green-black to black, brown (rare) |
| Crystal habit | As prismatic crystals or as reaction rims on other minerals |
| Twinning | Simple or multiple twinning parallel to {100} |
| Cleavage | Perfect on {110} Parting on {100}{001} |
| Fracture | Conchoidal |
| Tenacity | Brittle |
| Mohs scale hardness | 5 - 6 |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Streak | Pale grey-green |
| Diaphaneity | Transparent |
| Specific gravity | 3.15 |
| Optical properties | Biaxial (-) |
| Refractive index | nα = 1.623 - 1.660 nβ = 1.630 - 1.680 nγ = 1.638 - 1.688 |
| Birefringence | δ = 0.015 - 0.028 |
| Pleochroism | Visible in browns and greens |
| 2V angle | Measured: 60° to 90° |
| References | [1][2][3][4] |
Mineral composition
Tschermakite is an end-member of the hornblende subgroup in the calcic-amphibole group. Calcium-rich amphiboles have the general formula X2-3 Y5 Z8 O22 (OH)2 where X=Ca, Na, K, Mn; Y=Mg, Fe+2, Fe+3, Al, Ti, Mn, Cr, Li, Zn; Z=Si, Al (Deer et al., 1963). The structure of tremolite (Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH,F)2), another calcic amphibole, is commonly used as the standard for calcic amphiboles from which the formulae for their substitutions are derived. The wide range in variety of minerals classified in the amphibole group is due to its great ability for ionic replacement resulting in a widely varying chemical composition. Amphiboles can be classified on the basis of the substitution of ions on the X site as well as the substitution of AlAl for Si(Mg, Fe+2). In the calcium amphiboles like tschermakite Ca2(Mg, Fe2+)3Al2 (Si6 Al2) O22(OH)2, the predominant ion in the X position is occupied by Ca as in tremolite, while the substitution MgSi<->AlAl occurs on the Y and the tetrahedral Z site.
Geologic occurrence
Hornblendes are the most common of the amphiboles and are formed in a wide range of Pressure-Temperature environments. Tschermakite is found in eclogites and ultramafic igneous rocks as well as in medium to high-grade metamorphic rocks. The mineral is widespread throughout the world but has most notably been studied in Greenland, Scotland, Finland, France, and Ukraine (Anthony, 1995). Because amphibole minerals like Tschermakite are hydrous (contain an OH group), they can break down to denser anhydrous minerals like pyroxene or garnet at high temperatures. Conversely, amphiboles can be recomposed from pyroxenes as a result of crystallizing igneous rocks as well as during metamorphism (Léger and Ferry, 1991). Because of this important quality, P-T conditions have repeatedly been calculated for the crystallization of hornblendes in calc-alkaline magmas (Féménias et al., 2006). In addition to studying tschermakitic content in its natural occurrences, geologists have frequently synthesized this mineral in order to further calculate its place as an endmember hornblende.
Namesake biography
Tschermakite received its name in honor of the Austrian mineralogist Professor Gustav Tschermak von Seysenegg (1836-1927) whose mineral textbook Lehrbuch der Mineralogie (orig. pub.1883) was described as the German language equivalent to the works of Edward Salisbury Dana (Mineralogy 1885).
In 1872 Professor Tschermak founded one of Europe’s oldest geoscience journals Mineralogische Mitteilungen (Deu: Mineralogical Disclosures) or Mineralogy and Petrology. In the first volume of Min. Mitt., Tschermak established some of the early classifications of the amphibole group in relation to the pyroxene group of minerals (Tschermak 1871), which no doubt led to the formula Ca2Mg3Al4Si6O22(OH)2 being known as the Tschermak molecule, this mineral formula was later assigned the name tschermakite as first proposed by Winchell (1945). Professor Tschermak spent many years working as curator for the Imperial Mineralogical Cabinet. The Mineralogical Dept. of the Imperial Natural History Museum in Vienna – an impressive mineral, meteorite and fossil collection has Professor Tschermak to thank for his detailed inventory system that has helped preserve it to this day as well as the expansion of their meteorite collection. He was a full professor of mineralogy and petrography at the University of Vienna as well as a full member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna. He was also the first president of the Viennese (now Austrian) Mineralogical Society, founded in 1901. An obituary for “Hofrat Professor Dr. Gustav Tschermak” written by Edward S. Dana (1927) can be found in the 12th volume of American Mineralogist where Dana recalls the two young scientists earlier work together in the Vienna Mineral Cabinet and remarks on Professor Tschermak’s vigor and clarity of mind maintained up to his final days. Gustav Tschermak’s third child, Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg (1871-1962) was a renowned botanist who is credited for independently rediscovering Gregor Mendel’s genetic laws of inheritance by working with similar plant breeding experiments.
Mineral structure
The amphibole group consists of an orthorhombic and monoclinic series – hornblendes and tschermakite both belong to the latter crystal structure. The crystal group of tschermakite is 2/m.
Tschermakite and all the hornblende varieties are inosilicates, and like the other rock forming amphiboles are double chain silicates (Klein and Hurlbut, 1985). The amphibole structure is characterized by its two double chains of SiO4 tetrahedra (T1 and T2) sandwiching in a strip of cations (M1, M2 and M3 octahedra). Much of the discussions and studies of both tschermakite and tremolite have been to resolve the varying cation placements and Al substitutions that seem to occur on all T and M sites (Najorka and Gottschalk, 2003).
Physical properties
A hand specimen of tschermakite is green to black in color; its streak will be greenish white. It can be transparent to translucent and has a vitreous luster. Tschermakite shows the characteristic amphibole perfect cleavage on [110]. Its average density is 3.24, with a hardness of 5-6; its fracture will be brittle to conchoidal. In thin section its optic sign and 2V angle cover a wide range and are not very useful for identification. It shows a distinct pleochroism in browns and greens.
Special characteristics
Much discussion and experimentation on Tschermakite has been in relation to it being synthesized along with other calcic-amphiboles to determine the stoichiometric and barometric constraints of the various amphibole solid solutions series. Because of the (Mg, Fe, Ca),Si<->Al, Al tschermak cation exchange that is fundamental to not only the amphibole group but also the pyroxenes, micas and chlorites (Najorka and Gottschalk, 2003) (Ishida and Hawthorne, 2006). Tschermakite has been synthesized in numerous experiments along with its ternary solid solution end members tremolite and cummingtonite in order to relate its varying compositions to a specific P and T. The thermodynamic data that results from these tests helps to calculate further geothermobarometric equations in both synthesized and natural forms of a variety of minerals.
References
- Anthony, J.W., Bideaux, R.A., Bladh, K.W. and Nichols, M.C. (1995) Handbook of Mineralogy, Volume II. Silica, Silicates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, AZ.
- Bhadra, S. and Bhattacharya, A. (2007) The barometer tremolite + tschermakite + 2 albite = 2 pargasite + 8 quartz: Constraints from experimental data at unit silica activity, with application to garnet-free natural assemblages. American Mineralogist 92, 491-502.
- Dana, E. S. (1927) Notes and News. American Mineralogist 12;7, 293.
- Deer, W.A., Howie R.A., and Zussman J. (1963) Rock-forming minerals, v.2, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York.
- Féménias, O., Mercier, J.C., Nkono, C., Diot, H., Berza, T., Tatu, M., Demaiffe, D. (2006) Calcic amphibole growth and compositions in calc-alkaline magmas: Evidence from the Motru Dike Swarm (Southern Carpathians, Romania). American Mineralogist 91: 73-81
- Ishida, K. and Hawthorne, F.C. (2006) Assignment of infrared OH-stretching bands in calcic amphiboles through deuteration and heat treatment. American Mineralogist 91, 871-879.
- Klein, C. and Hurlbut, C.S. (1985) Manual of Mineralogy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 474-496.
- Léger, A and Ferry, J. M. (1991) Highly aluminous hornblende from low-pressure metacarbonates and a preliminary thermodynamic model for the Al content of calcic amphibole. American Mineralogist 76, 1002-1017.
- Mineralogy and Petrography. (1885) The American Naturalist 19;4, 392.
- Najorka, J. and Gottshalk, M. (2003) Crystal chemistry of tremolite-tschermakite solid solutions. Phys Chem Minerals 30, 108-24.
- Poli, S. (1993) The Amphibolite-Eclogite Transformation – An Experimental Study on Basalt. American Journal of Science 293:10, 1061-1107.
- Powell, R. and Holland, T. (1999) Relating formulations of the thermodynamics of mineral solid solutions: Activity modeling of pyroxenes, amphiboles, and micas. American Mineralogist 84, 1-14.
- Tschermak, G., 1871. Mineralogische Mitteilungen. (Bil. Jahrb. Der k.k. geol. Reichansalt), 1, p. 38.
- Tschermak, G. 1871. Lehrbuch der Mineralogie. Holder-Pichler-Tempsky A.G., New York.
- Winchell, A. N., (1945) Variations in composition and properties of the calciferous amphiboles. American Mineralogist 30, 27.