List of troglobites

A troglobite (or, formally, troglobiont) is an animal species, or population of a species, strictly bound to underground habitats, such as caves. These are separate from species that mainly live in above-ground habitats but are also able to live underground (eutroglophiles), and species that are only cave visitors (subtroglophiles and trogloxenes).[1] Land-dwelling troglobites may be referred to as troglofauna, while aquatic species may be called stygofauna, although for these animals the term stygobite is preferable.

Not to be confused with troglodyte or trilobite.

Troglobites typically have evolutionary adaptations to cave life. Examples of such adaptations include slow metabolism, reduced energy consumption, better food usage efficiency, decrease or loss of eyesight (anophthalmia), and depigmentation (absence of pigment in the integument). Conversely, as opposed to lost or reduced functions, many species have evolved elongated antennal and locomotory appendages, in order to better move around and respond to environmental stimuli. These structures are also full of chemical, tactile and humidity receptors. Troglobites commonly do not survive well outside caves and therefore cannot travel between separate cave systems. As a result, many troglobiotic species are endemic to a single cave or system of caves.[2][3][4][5]

Not all cave dwelling species are considered to be troglobites. An animal found in an underground environment may be a troglophile (a species living both in subterranean and in epigean habitats, e.g. bats and cave swallows) or a trogloxene (a species only occurring sporadically in a hypogean habitat and unable to establish a subterranean population).[1]

Flatworms

Mollusca

Velvet worms
  • White cave velvet worm (Peripatopsis alba)

Arthropoda

Arachnida
  • Kauaʻi cave wolf spider (Adelocosa anops)[6]
  • Nelson cave spider (Spelungula cavernicola)
  • Calicina cloughensis
  • Texella reddelli
  • Trogloraptor marchingtoni
  • Apochthonius mysterius – Mystery Cave pseudoscorpion
  • Apochthonius typhlus – Stone County cave pseudoscorpion
  • Hesperochernes occidentalis – guano pseudoscorpion
  • Mundochthonius cavernicolus – cavernicolous pseudoscorpion
  • Phanetta subterranea – cave spider
  • Porrhomma cavernicola – cavernicolous Porrhomma spider
  • Porrhomma rosenhaueri – A blind cave Spider (very rare)[7]
  • Sinopoda scurion – eyeless huntsman spider
  • Troglokhammouanus steineri – Xe Bang Fai cave scorpion
  • Vietbocap lao – Nam Lot cave scorpion
  • Parobisium yosemite – Yosemite cave pseudoscorpion
  • Titanobochia magna – cave pseudoscorpion
  • Cicurina venii – Braken Bat Cave meshweaver spider
  • Chinquipellobunus madlae – cave harvestman
  • Stalita taenaria
  • Mesostalita nocturna
  • Chthonius
  • Neobisium maritimum

Myriapoda
Millipedes
Sinocallipus deharvengi
Centipedes

Crustacea
  • Alabama cave shrimp (Palaemonias alabamae)[8]
  • Procambarus delicatus[9]
  • Spelaeorchestia koloana[6]
  • Procambarus pecki[10]
  • Typhlocaris[11]
  • Macromaxillocaris[12]
  • Samarplax principe
  • Cyclops vernalis
  • Holoped amazonicum
  • Barburia yanezi
  • Gammarus acherondytes – Illinois cave amphipod
  • Cambarus aculabrum – Benton County cave crayfish
  • Cambarus hubrichti – Salem cave crayfish
  • Cambarus setosus – bristly cave crayfish
  • Cambarus zophonastes – Hell Creek cave crayfish
  • Andhracoides shabuddin– Guthikonda cave isopod
  • Andhracoides gebaueri– Belum cave isopod
  • Allocrangonyx hubrichti – Hubricht's long-tailed amphipod
  • Bactrurus brachycaudus – short-tailed groundwater amphipod
  • Bactrurus hubrichti – sword-tail cave amphipod
  • Bactrurus pseudomucronatus – false sword-tailed cave amphipod
  • Caecidotea antricola – cave isopod
  • Caecidotea dimorpha – Missouri cave isopod
  • Caecidotea fustis – Fustis cave isopod
  • Caecidotea salemensis – Salem cave isopod
  • Caecidotea serrata – serrated cave isopod
  • Caecidotea stiladactyla – slender-fingered cave isopod
  • Caecidotea stygia – stygian cave isopod
  • Diacyclops yeatmani – Yeatman's groundwater copepod
  • Orconectes stygocaneyi – Caney Mountain cave crayfish
  • Stygobromus barri – Barr's groundwater amphipod
  • Stygobromus clantoni – Clanton's groundwater amphipod
  • Stygobromus heteropodus – Pickle Springs amphipod
  • Stygobromus onondagaensis – Onondaga cave amphipod
  • Stygobromus ozarkensis – Ozark cave amphipod
  • Stygobromus putedus – Wisconsin groundwater amphipod
  • Stygobromus subtilis – subtle groundwater amphipod
  • Orcovita hickski
  • Orcovita orchardorum
  • Cancrocaeca
  • Androniscus dentiger – rosy woodlouse
  • Alpioniscus strasseri
  • Niphargus species

Insecta

See Cave insects

Fish
Main article: Cavefish
  • List of cave fish

Amphibians

Mammals

There are no known mammals that live exclusively in caves. Most bats sleep in caves during the day and hunt at night, but they are considered troglophiles or trogloxenes. However some fossorials which spend their whole lives underground might be considered subterranean fauna, although they are not true troglofauna as they do not live in caves.

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See also

References
  1. Sket, Boris (2008-06-01). "Can we agree on an ecological classification of subterranean animals?". Journal of Natural History. 42 (21–22): 1549–1563. doi:10.1080/00222930801995762. ISSN 0022-2933.
  2. Vandel, Albert (1965). Biospeleology: the biology of cavernicolous animals. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 9781483185132. OCLC 893738507.
  3. Stoch, Fabio (2001). Caves and karstic phenomena. Life in subterranean world (PDF). Italian Habitats. Udine, Italy: Italian Ministry of the Environment and Territory Protection and Friuli Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-04. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
  4. Culver, D.C.; Pipan, Tanja (2009). The biology of caves and other subterranean habitats. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199219933. OCLC 248538645.
  5. Culver, D.C.; White, W.B. (2012). Encyclopedia of caves (2nd ed.). Waltham, MA: Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN 9780123838322. OCLC 776633368.
  6. United States Fish and Wildlife Service (April 9, 2003). "50 CFR Part 17. RIN 1018–AH01. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical Habitat for the Kauai Cave Wolf Spider and Kauai Cave Amphipod" (PDF). Federal Register. 68 (68): 17430–17470.
  7. http://srs.britishspiders.org.uk/portal.php/p/Summary/s/Porrhomma+rosenhaueri
  8. Powell, Jeff (August 29, 2006). "Alabama Cave Shrimp (Palaemonias alabamae). 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation" (PDF). United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved October 10, 2010.
  9. Crandall, K.A. & Cordeiro, J. (2010). "Procambarus delicatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T18196A7774195. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T18196A7774195.en.
  10. Crandall, K.A. (2010). "Cambarus pecki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T18212A7806310. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T18212A7806310.en.
  11. Tsurnamal, M. (2008). "A new species of the stygobiotic blind prawn Typhlocaris Calman, 1909 (Decapoda, Palaemonidae, Typhlocaridinae) from Israel". Crustaceana. 81 (4): 487–501. doi:10.1163/156854008783797534.
  12. Alvarez, Fernando; Iliffe, Thomas M. & Villalobos, José Luis (2006). "Macromaxillocarididae, a new family of stenopodidean shrimp from an anchialine cave in the Bahamas, with the description of Macromaxillocaris bahamaensis, n. gen., n. sp" (PDF). Journal of Crustacean Biology. 26 (3): 366–378. doi:10.1651/C-2658.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
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