Trachysalambria curvirostris

Trachysalambria curvirostris (formerly Trachypenaeus curvirostris) is a species of prawn that lives in shallow waters of the Indo-West Pacific. It is one of the most important species targeted by prawn fishery, with annual harvests of more than 300,000 t, mostly landed in China.

Trachysalambria curvirostris
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Crustacea
Class:	Malacostraca
Order:	Decapoda
Family:	Penaeidae
Genus:	Trachysalambria
Species:	T. curvirostris
Binomial name
Trachysalambria curvirostris (Stimpson, 1860)
Synonyms [1]
Metapenaeus palaestinensis Steinitz, 1932 Penaeus curvirostris Stimpson, 1860 Trachypenaeus curvirostris (Stimpson, 1860) Trachysalambria palaestinensis (Steinitz, 1932)

Distribution and ecology

T. curvirostris is widely distributed across the Indo-West Pacific, from East Africa and the Red Sea to Japan and Australia. It has also entered the Mediterranean Sea as a Lessepsian migrant, through the Suez Canal.[2] It lives at depths of 10–300 metres (33–984 ft) over sandy or muddy bottoms.[3]

Description

Trachysalambria curvirostris is a small prawn, with males reaching a total length of up to 81 millimetres (3.2 in), and females reaching 105 mm (4.1 in).[3] The exoskeleton is "densely pubescent" (covered in thick down).[3] The rostrum is straight or slightly curved upwards, and bears 7–11 teeth on the dorsal (upper) side.[3] The last four segments of the pleon have a median crest, while the second segment has a tubercle on the mid-line.[3]

T. curvirostris can be distinguished from similar species that occur in the same areas (such as Megokris sedili and Megokris granulosus) by the form of the petasma and thelycum (male and female reproductive structures), and by the colouration of the uropods; these are red or reddish brown, with conspicuous white margins in T. curvirostris, but yellowish with grey or brown margins and centre in M. sedili, and red or reddish brown with golden margins in M. granulosus.[3]

Life cycle

The biology of T. curvirostris is poorly known; in the waters around Korea, mating takes place in June, July and August.[4] Females lay up to 100,000 eggs, each one around 223 micrometres (0.0088 in) in diameter, with the female's fecundity being directly related to her body size.[5][4] Over the next 15 hours, the eggs grow to 400 μm (0.016 in) in diameter; at this point, they hatch into the first nauplius larva.[5]

The nauplii have only three pairs of appendages: two pairs of antennae, and the mandibles.[5] The larva passes through a further five naupliar stages by ecdysis, with increasing numbers of setae (bristles) appearing on the appendages at each stage.[5] Around 41 hours after hatching, the larva moults into the first protozoea stage, by which time the body is 0.732 millimetres (0.0288 in) long. The body is now differentiated into a cephalothorax and an abdomen, bears several thoracic appendages, and the larva now begins to ingest food.[5] After a further two protozoea stages, the larva hatches into the first mysis stage. This is typically 7 days after hatching, and the animal is typically around 2.2 mm (0.087 in) long.[5] There are a further two mysis stages before the first post-larval stage, at a length of around 3.4 mm (0.13 in).[5] In this stage, the pleopods (swimmerets; abdominal appendages) become functional, and the animal closely resembles the adult form.[5]

Females live for 14–15 months, and reach sexual maturity at a carapace length of 15–17 mm (0.59–0.67 in).[4][6] Males live for 13–14 months.[4] In Korean waters, the adults migrate into shallower water in April.[4]

Fishery

A fishery for T. curvirostris was started in the mid 20th century, growing to over 300,000 t annually in the 21st century.[2] It is a commercially important species in Korea, Japan, China and Taiwan, and is also fished on smaller scales in Madagascar, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea.[5] Although it is abundant around the coasts of Australia, T. curvirostris is too small to be commercially viable there.[5] The fishery for T. curvirostris is carried out with otter trawls, gill nets and as an artisanal fishery.[3] It is easier to catch at night, and is fished only in waters less than 60 m (200 ft) deep.[3]

Worldwide, T. curvirostris is one of the five most important single species targeted by shrimp and prawn fisheries, with most of the harvest being landed in China.[7] In Korea, T. curvirostris is the dominant species in the shrimp fishery, accounting for more than 50% of landings (other abundant prawn species in the area include Penaeus chinensis, Metapenaeus joyneri and Metapenaeopsis dalei).[4]

Taxonomy

The species was first described by William Stimpson in 1860, as a species in the genus Penaeus, with a type locality of Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan.[8] In 1901, Alcock erected a new genus Trachypeneus[9] (later emended to Trachypenaeus after a petition to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by Lipke Holthuis).[10] In 1934, Martin Burkenroad introduced Trachysalambria as a subgenus of Trachypenaeus, assigning T. curvirostris as its type species. This subgenus was in turn elevated to the rank of genus in 1997, by Isabel Pérez Farfante and Brian Kensley.[11]

Common names for the species include "cocktail shrimp",[4] "hardback prawn", "southern rough prawn", and the name preferred by the Food and Agriculture Organization, "southern rough shrimp".[2]

References

1. Charles Fransen & Michael Türkay (2012). "Trachysalambria curvirostris (Stimpson, 1860a)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
2. "Species Fact Sheet: Trachypenaeus curvirostris (Stimpson, 1860)". FAO FishFinder. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
3. "Trachypenaeus curvirostris (Stimpson, 1860)" (PDF). Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51) FAO Species Identification Sheets, Volume 5. Food and Agriculture Organization. PEN Trachyp 5. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
4. H. K. Cha, C. W. Oh & J. H. Choi (2004). "Biology of the cocktail shrimp, Trachysalambria curvirostris (Decapoda: Penaeidae) in the Yellow Sea of Korea". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 84 (2): 351–357. doi:10.1017/S0025315404009270h.
5. Jesse Dapon Ronquillo & Toshio Saisho (1995). "Developmental stages of Trachypenaeus curvirostris (Stimpson, 1860) (Decapoda, Penaeidae)". Crustaceana. 68 (7): 833–863. doi:10.1163/156854095X02050. JSTOR 20105140.
6. M. Yeamin Hossain & Jun Ohtomi (2008). "Reproductive biology of the southern rough shrimp Trachysalambria curvirostris (Penaeidae) in Kagoshima Bay, southern Japan". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 28 (4): 607–612. doi:10.1651/07-2970.1.
7. R. Gillett (2008). Global Study of Shrimp Fisheries (PDF). Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. p. 26. ISBN 978-92-5-106053-7. Fisheries Technical Paper 475.
8. William Stimpson (1860). "Prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebratorum, quae in Expeditione ad Oceanum Pacificum Septentrionalem, a Republica Federata missa, Cadwaladaro Ringgold et Johanne Rodgers Ducibus, observavit et descripsit. Pars VIII. Crustacean Macrura". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 12 (1): 22–47. JSTOR 4059348.
9. A. Alcock (1901). A Descriptive Catalogue of the Indian Deep-sea Crustacea Decapoda Macrura and Anomala in the Indian Museum, being a Revised Account of the Deep-sea Species Collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator. Calcutta, India: Indian Museum. p. 15.
10. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1969). "Opinion 864. Penaeid generic names (Crustacea, Decapoda): addition of twenty-eight to the official list". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 25 (4/5): 138–147.
11. S. Shinomiya and K. Sakai (2006). "Three new species of the genus Megokris (Decapoda, Penaeidae) from Hall's and Motoh's collections". Crustaceana. 79 (10): 1251–1268. doi:10.1163/156854006778859579. JSTOR 20107756.