Tracheid

Tracheids are elongated cells in the xylem of vascular plants that serve in the transport of water and mineral salts. Tracheids are one of two types of tracheary elements, vessel elements being the other. Tracheids, unlike vessel elements, do not have perforation plates.[1]

Tracheid of oak shows pits along the walls. It is longer than a vessel element and has no perforation plates.

All tracheary elements develop a thick lignified cell wall, and at maturity the protoplast has broken down and disappeared.[2] The presence of tracheary elements is the defining characteristic of vascular plants to differentiate them from non-vascular plants. The two major functions that tracheids may fulfill are contributing to the transport system and providing structural support. The secondary walls have thickenings in various forms—as annular rings; as continuous helices (called helical or spiral); as a network (called reticulate); as transverse nets (called scalariform); or, as extensive thickenings except in the region of pits (called pitted).[3]

Tracheids provide most of the structural support in softwoods, where they are the major cell type.

Because tracheids have a much higher surface to volume ratio compared to vessel elements, they serve to hold water against gravity (by adhesion) when transpiration is not occurring. This is likely one mechanism that helps plants prevent air embolisms.

The term "tracheid" was introduced by Carl Sanio in 1863, originally as Tracheide, in German.[4]

References
  1. Esau, K. (1977). Anatomy of Seed Plants (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-24520-8.
  2. Peter A. Raven; Ray F. Evert; Susan E. Eichhorn (1999). Biology of Plants. W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 576–577. ISBN 1-57259-611-2.
  3. G. R. Kantharaj, "Plant anatomy", Plant Cell Biology: Pre-University, retrieved 2 October 2014
  4. Sanio, C. (1863). "Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Elementarorgane des Holzkörpers". Bot. Zeitung. 21: 85–91, 93–98, 101–111. ISSN 2509-5420.

Further reading
  • Wilson, K.; White, D. J. B. (1986). The Anatomy of Wood: Its Diversity and Variability. London: Stobart & Son Ltd. ISBN 0-85442-033-9.
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