Toynbee tiles

The Toynbee tiles (also called Toynbee plaques) are messages of unknown origin found embedded in asphalt of streets in about two dozen major cities in the United States and four South American cities.[1][2] Since the 1980s, several hundred tiles have been discovered. They are generally about the size of an American license plate (roughly 30 by 15 cm or 12 by 6 in), but sometimes considerably larger. They contain some variation of the following inscription:

TOYNBEE IDEA
IN MOViE '2001
RESURRECT DEAD
ON PLANET JUPiTER

Top: Large, colorful Toynbee tile found in downtown Washington, D.C.
Bottom: Closeup of its bottom tab, apparently mentioning the U.S.S.R., which had been gone for years by the time this photo was taken. ("As media U.S.S.R. and Fronts are against it.")

Some of the more elaborate tiles also feature cryptic political statements or exhort readers to create and install similar tiles of their own. The material used for making the tiles was initially unknown, but evidence has emerged that they may be primarily made of layers of linoleum and asphalt crack-filling compound.[3] Articles about the tiles began appearing in the mid-1990s, though references may have started to appear in the mid-1980s.[4]

History

Toynbee tiles were first photographed in the late 1980s,[5] and their first known reference in the media came in 1994 in The Baltimore Sun.[6][7] A 1983 letter to The Philadelphia Inquirer referenced a Philadelphia-based campaign with themes similar to those mentioned in the tiles (e.g., resurrecting the dead on Jupiter, Stanley Kubrick, and Arnold J. Toynbee) but did not refer to tiles.[8]

In the United States, tiles have officially been sighted as far west as Kansas City, Missouri,[1] as far north as Boston, Massachusetts,[1] and as far south as Washington, D.C.[1] Since 2002, very few new tiles considered to be the work of the original artist have appeared outside of the immediate Philadelphia, Pennsylvania area, although one notable sighting appeared in suburban Connecticut in 2006[9] and one appeared in Edison, New Jersey in 2007.[10] Presumed copycat tiles have been spotted in Noblesville, Indiana; Buffalo, New York; San Francisco, California; Portland, Oregon; and Roswell, New Mexico.[11] Additional tiles were spotted in downtown Tulsa, Oklahoma in 2013 and Detroit, Michigan in 1997. Many older tiles considered to be the work of the original tiler have been eroded by traffic, but as of 2011 older tiles remain in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; St. Louis, Missouri; Cincinnati Ohio, Cleveland, Ohio; and South America, among other locations.

On June 19, 2013, tiles resembling the Toynbee tiles appeared on a street in Topeka, Kansas. They were removed by the evening of the next day.[12] Less than a month later, on July 17, 2013, a tile resembling the Toynbee tiles appeared on a street in Salt Lake City, Utah.[13]

Newer tiles have been embedded on several major highways in Pennsylvania, including Interstate 476 in Delaware County, and on Interstate 95. About six more were found on U.S. 1 northbound starting in Drexel Hill in Delaware County in 2007 and 2008. The plates are much larger than the originals and have red italic writing on them.

Interpretations

People and things referred to
Commonly, a city will have a couple of large and colorful tiles along with numerous small and simple tiles like this one, just a block from the White House.

In a documentary film about the tiles, Justin Duerr assumes that "Toynbee" refers to the 20th century British historian Arnold J. Toynbee, and that "Kubrick's 2001" is a reference to the 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey, a film co-written and directed by filmmaker Stanley Kubrick, about a manned mission to Jupiter.[14] The toynbee.net website speculates that Toynbee refers to Ray Bradbury's short story "The Toynbee Convector".[15]

The majority of tiles contain text similar to that above, although a second set is often found nearby. Several of these allude to a mass conspiracy between the press (including newspaper magnate John S. Knight of Knight-Ridder), the U.S. government, the USSR (including tiles seemingly made years after the Soviet Union's dissolution), and "hellion Jews".[16]

A tile that used to be located in Santiago de Chile mentions a street address: 2624 S. 7th Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The current occupants of the house know nothing about the tiles and are annoyed by people who ask,[17] though this is the former residence of a named recluse and alleged tile-maker, as shown in the 2011 documentary film Resurrect Dead: The Mystery of the Toynbee Tiles. Toynbee-tile enthusiasts believe that a native Philadelphian created the Toynbee tiles because of the large number that appear in the city, their apparent age, the variety of carving styles, the presence of the "tile creator's screed," and the Philadelphia address on the Santiago tile.

Possible subjects

Arnold J. Toynbee's "The Idea"

According to letters written by the tiler, allegedly uncovered by Toynbee tile researchers in Philadelphia in 2006,[18] "Toynbee's idea" stems from a passage in Arnold Toynbee's book Experiences:

Human nature presents human minds with a puzzle which they have not yet solved and may never succeed in solving, for all that we can tell. The dichotomy of a human being into 'soul' and 'body' is not a datum of experience. No one has ever been, or ever met, a living human soul without a body... Someone who accepts—as I myself do, taking it on trust—the present-day scientific account of the Universe may find it impossible to believe that a living creature, once dead, can come to life again; but, if he did entertain this belief, he would be thinking more 'scientifically' if he thought in the Christian terms of a psychosomatic resurrection than if he thought in the shamanistic terms of a disembodied spirit.[19]

Ray Bradbury's "The Toynbee Convector"

Another possible interpretation is that the Toynbee reference comes from the science fiction writer Ray Bradbury's short story "The Toynbee Convector,"[15] which alludes to Toynbee's idea that in order to survive, humankind must always rush to meet the future and believe in a better world, and must always aim far beyond what is practically possible, in order to achieve something barely within reach. Thus the message might be that humanity ought to strive to colonize Jupiter—as in Clarke's work—or something greater, to survive.

Arthur C. Clarke's "Jupiter V"

Arthur C. Clarke's short story "Jupiter V" involves a space ship named the Arnold Toynbee on a mission to Jupiter. It contains elements in common with 2001.[20][21]

David Mamet's "4 A.M."

Playwright David Mamet has spoken of his belief that the tiles are an homage to one of his plays, and has described it as "the weirdest thing that ever happened". In his 1983 work "4 A.M." (published in the collection Goldberg Street: Short Plays and Monologues in 1985) a radio host based on Larry King impatiently listens to a caller who contends that the movie 2001, based on the writings of Arnold Toynbee, speaks of the plan to reconstitute life on Jupiter. The radio show host quickly points out the factual errors in the caller's assertion and the logical fallacies of his plan.[22]

Researchers for the 2011 documentary Resurrect Dead: The Mystery of the Toynbee Tiles claim to have uncovered several pieces of evidence that predate Mamet's play, including a 1980 call by the tiler to Larry King's radio show.[23] They cite a 1983 article in The Philadelphia Inquirer which mentions a local man "contacting talk shows and newspapers to spread the message" about bringing the dead to life on Jupiter, as depicted in the film 2001.[24]

Creator
Three tiles placed on the Avenue of the Arts section of Broad Street in Philadelphia. The tiles are made of linoleum cemented onto normal-sized paving bricks.

In 1983, a man identifying himself as a social worker named James Morasco contacted talk shows and newspapers with his theory of colonizing Jupiter with the dead inhabitants of Earth, claiming to have come across the idea while reading a book by historian Arnold Toynbee.[8] In a conversation with The Philadelphia Inquirer, Morasco discussed how Toynbee's book contained a theory on bringing dead molecules back to life and that this was later depicted in the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey.[8] The caller had founded what the Inquirer called a "Jupiter colonization organization", known as the Minority Association.[8]

In 1996, the Kansas City Star editor Doug Worgul discovered a "Toynbee Tile" at the corner of 13th and Grand in downtown Kansas City. Investigating the story seven years later, he found that the tile was still there, and he determined that the street had last been resurfaced in 1996. Comparing the tile to those in other cities, a local police detective felt that "clearly it was created by the same hand" and concluded that despite referring to a "movement", the creator was acting alone.[16]

In 2003, Worgul called the only James Morasco in the Philadelphia telephone book and was told by the man's wife that her husband had died in March that year, aged 88. When asked about the tiles, Morasco's widow said that her husband "didn't know anything about it."[16] Worgul doubted that this was the tile maker.[16] Action News spoke to the widow of a man named James Joseph Morasco and identified him as a Philadelphia carpenter who had died in 2003, aged 87. His wife did not recognise the tiles and said her husband had had no interest in Jupiter.[17] If Morasco had died at either age in 2003, he would have been in his seventies when most of the tiles were laid.[17]

In the 2011 documentary Resurrect Dead: The Mystery of the Toynbee Tiles, artist and Toynbee Tile enthusiast Justin Duerr said that he considered the tiles to be the work of a single person and attributed them to the reclusive Philadelphia resident Severino "Sevy" Verna.[25] Duerr believed Verna used the name "James Morasco" as an alias.[25] The streets surrounding Verna's residence were littered with small "proto-tiles" that Duerr believed were tests, and ham radio enthusiasts reported Verna might have broadcast a message via short wave radio about his theories.[25] Based on comments from Verna's neighbors about him driving a car without a passenger seat, Durr suspected Verna placed the tiles through a hole in the floor of his car.

New tiles have been seen in Philadelphia since 2003. Between 2002 and 2007, many such tiles displayed a different font and styling than the older tiles and tended to leave out words that were found on the originals: "raise" is often substituted for "resurrect," and prepositions are frequently omitted. Beginning in 2007, tiles were discovered in Philadelphia that are quite similar to the original tiles, leading some to believe that everything has been the work of the same person throughout the life of the tile phenomenon. The font and message are the same as the old ones, and the subtext is a return to some of the older ideas as well. These tiles were glued with a thicker layer of asphalt glue or sealant than older ones.

Usage

Deployment

Toynbee-tile enthusiast Justin Duerr claims to have once found and examined a newly installed tile. This new tile was wrapped in tar paper and placed on a busy street early in the morning. From this find and other evidence, Duerr believes that the pressure exerted by automobiles driving over the tile for weeks on end pushes the tile into the road surface. Eventually, the tar paper wears away, exposing the message.

A Toynbee-tile enthusiast website reported a tile found in Pittsburgh that included deployment instructions, which the reader transcribed as "linoleum, asphalt glue (?) in several layers, then placing tar paper over it so that car wheels won't mess it up, and apparently the heat of the sun on the tar paper will bake it into the street." This tile was located near the Pittsburgh Hilton and has since been paved over.[26]

Destruction, conservation, and public acknowledgment

Tiles that are located in the middle of busy streets and highway on- and off-ramps tend to wear away quickly and also can become victims of resurfacing; smaller tiles and those located close to pedestrian crosswalks tend to be in better condition.

Hundreds of tiles have been destroyed during the course of regular road maintenance.[27] The city of Chicago has declared the tiles "vandalism" and removes any tiles that it finds, considering them to be "no different than graffiti."[15]

A large tile complex, the tile maker's apparent rant against his enemies, was destroyed when Chestnut Street in Philadelphia was repaved.[28] One tile has been damaged and unreadable since 1996. It is located at the corners of Talcahuano and Santa Fé streets in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

There is no public or private agency dedicated to conserving Toynbee tiles. Many tiles now exist only as photographs taken before their destruction. The tiles have enjoyed attention from American and European media outlets, including from The New York Times, The Chicago Sun-Times, Spiegel Online, and NPR. In 2011, Philadelphia-based filmmakers Justin Duerr, Jon Foy, Colin Smith, and Steve Weinik released Resurrect Dead: The Mystery of the Toynbee Tiles, an independent documentary film about the tiles.[29] The film was selected for the 2011 Sundance Film Festival in the U.S. Documentary category, and Foy won the category's Directing Award.[30]

As of October 2015, the Streets Department of Philadelphia recognizes Toynbee Tiles as street art, and "will save one or two of the Toynbee Tiles only if there is a fast and affordable method for removing them."[31]

gollark: If all the dividends are the same, then the actual value is going to also be the same.
gollark: The stock market is hard because you don't know the dividends a given thing will pay.
gollark: Then the optimal strategy would probably be quite obvious?
gollark: How does that work for esolangs? Views on their esowiki page or something?
gollark: In the stock market, the prices are somewhat defined by the activity of actual companies.

See also

References
  1. "What Is It?". Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
  2. Correa, Vanessa; Spinelli, Evandro (September 19, 2010). "Placa misteriosa é cravada no asfalto da avenida Paulista". Folha de S. Paulo (in Portuguese). Retrieved September 19, 2010.
  3. CrimethInc. Ex-workers Collective (2012). Recipes for Disaster, an Anarchist Cookbook (2nd ed.). CrimethInc. Ex-workers Collective. p. 48.
  4. Stoehr, John (August 2, 2001). "Out of This World". Cincinnati City Beat. Archived from the original on December 5, 2006. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
  5. "Resurrect Dead Mystery". Resurrectdead.com. Archived from the original on January 30, 2010.
  6. Hiaasen, Rob (October 19, 1994). "The word on the street turns cryptic". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
  7. Hiaasen, Rob (October 28, 1994). "By all signs, markers remain a mystery". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
  8. DeLeon, Clark (March 8, 1983). "Theories: Wanna Run That One By Me Again?". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 5, 2004. Retrieved March 20, 2015.
  9. "Huge Tile News – dovate". Steveweinik.com. August 24, 2006. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
  10. "Toynee Tiles – Steve Weinik Photography". Steve Weinik. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  11. "Home". Resurrect Dead Message Board. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
  12. Hrenchir, Tim (June 20, 2013). "Tile embedded in downtown street bears mystery message". CJOnline.com. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
  13. "Mysterious message appears in Salt Lake City street". FOX13Now.com. July 17, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
  14. The Hollywood Reporter (August 29, 2011). "Film Review: Resurrect Dead: The Mystery of the Toynbee Tiles". Film Journal International. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2015.
  15. "Odd Toynbee plaques just litter in Chicago". 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  16. Worgul, Doug (September 6, 2003). "A Space Oddity? Strange Kansas City marker part of world-wide mystery". Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on April 5, 2004. Retrieved March 20, 2015.
  17. O'Donnell, Matt (July 17, 2006). "Special Report: Matt Investigates the Mystery of Philadelphia's "Toynbee Tiles"". WPVI-TV/DT Action News. Archived from the original on March 13, 2007. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
  18. "Resurrect Dead Message Board – Toynbees ideas – here they are, folks!". Resurrectdead.proboards.com. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
  19. Toynbee, Arnold (1969). "Religion: What I Believe and What I Disbelieve". Experiences. Oxford University Press. pp. 140–1. LCCN 74-75754.
  20. "World: The Mystery of the Toynbee Tiles". Weird Retro. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  21. Peratt, Anthony L. (1992). Physics of the Plasma Universe. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97575-6 – via archive.org.
  22. Epstein, Daniel Robert (December 2, 2007). "David Mamet". SuicideGirls.com. Retrieved February 13, 2007.
  23. Foy, Jon (Director) (2011). Resurrect Dead: The Mystery of the Toynbee Tiles (Documentary). Land of Missing Parts Productions.
  24. Deleon, Clark (2008). Pennsylvania Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff. Guilford, Connecticut: Morris Book Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-0-7627-4588-3.
  25. Duerr, Justin. Resurrect Dead: The Mystery of the Toynbee Tiles.
  26. Johnson, L.A. (July 31, 2006). "Mysteries underfoot: Pedestrians have long wondered over Toynbee tiles". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved August 17, 2010.
  27. "Weird Pennsylvania". weirdus.com.
  28. "The Mysterious Toynbee Tiles" (PDF). The Rex Files. January 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  29. "Resurrect Dead". Resurrect Dead. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
  30. "2011 Sundance Film Festival Announces Films in Competition". Sundance Film Festival. Sundance.org. December 1, 2010. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
  31. Saksa, Jim (October 2, 2015). "As Toynbee Tiles dwindle, Streets Department surfaces as unlikely hope for preservation". philly.com. Retrieved October 3, 2015.

Further reading
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