Fear of medical procedures

Most people suffer from a form of fear of medical procedures during their life. There are many different aspects of this fear and not everyone has every part. Some of these parts include fear of surgery, fear of dental work, and fear of doctors. These fears are often overlooked, but when a patient has one to the extreme it can be very damaging to their health.

Formally, medical fear is defined as "any experience that involves medical personnel or procedures involved in the process of evaluating or modifying health status in traditional health care settings."[1]

Classification

Fear of medical procedures can be classified under a broader category of “blood, injection, and injury phobias”. This is one of five subtypes that classify specific phobias.[2] A specific phobia is defined as a “marked and persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable, cued by the presence (or anticipation) of a specific object or situation.”[3][4] Often these fears begin to appear in childhood, around the age of five to nine.[2] It is normal to become squeamish at the sight of blood, injury, or gross deformity,[5] but many overcome these fears by the time they reach adulthood. Those who do not are more likely to avoid medical and dental procedures necessary to maintain health, jobs, etc.[2] Research shows that when people encounter something that they have a specific phobia of many of them have a feeling of disgust[6] which makes them not want to come near or experience the object or situation which is disgusting to them. This feeling of disgust, especially in the blood, injection, and injury phobias may be passed down in families.[2] Women have been known to avoid becoming pregnant because it requires blood and medical examinations that they would rather avoid.[7] Also, most phobic people have an increased heart rate upon encountering the thing they fear, but blood, injection, injury phobic people also seem to have an increase of fainting after the initial speeding up of heart rate. Their heart rate will go up and then slow again, leading to nausea, sweating, pallor, and fainting.[7] This fainting can also lead to seizures, making life very difficult for those who have this fear.[8] However, only 4.5% of individuals who have this phobia as a child will have this fear their entire lifetime.[9] For those who do experience this phobia in an extreme manner, specific coping treatments have been found to help them. Biological treatments, such as medications used for other anxiety ailments, are generally found to be inappropriate for fear of medical procedures or other specific phobias. Psychological treatments are the treatment of choice because they are more accurate at addressing the problem. Some of these treatments used especially for fear of medical procedures include exposure-based treatments, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and applied tension to react against fainting.[10]

Fear of surgery

Fear of surgery or other invasive medical procedure is known as tomophobia.[11] Fear of surgery is not a fear experienced often, but is still just as harmful as other phobias that are more common. Since surgery is not a common occurrence, the fear is based on inexperience or something that is out of the ordinary. This fear is one of those categorized under all fears of medical procedures that can be experienced by anyone, all ages, and have little need for actual psychological treatment, unless it is uncharacteristically causing the patient to react in a way that would be harmful to his or her health.

Children

Fear of surgery is common among young children. Christine Gorman, of Kids and Surgery, states “Surgery is scary enough for adults. But imagine what goes through the mind of a three-year-old when he sees a doctor or nurse all suited up and wearing a surgical mask: “It’s a monster! It’s got big eyes and no mouth! It’s taking me away from Mommy and Daddy.” No wonder half of all children from ages of 2 to 10 show evidence of distress—from bed-wetting to nightmares—for at least two weeks after their operation. Some of them remain traumatized even six months later.”[12] This statement shows that the fear that comes when young children go into surgery can be a serious matter because they are still traumatized by the effects for weeks after the surgery has taken place. Being scared of surgery has led to “eating disorders, sleep disturbances, regression to earlier levels of behavior, depression, and somatizations such as loss of voice after tonsillectomy.” [13] Many children see surgery as a form of punishment[12] and, since they sometimes can’t see what they did “wrong”, the fear is escalated, leaving greater chance for a longer effect on the psychological and emotional feelings of the child. Many ways have been tried to help children overcome this fear, including their parents and doctors simply telling them that the surgery won’t hurt, or sedatives given by the doctor to minimize the feelings of anxiety later.[12] There are certain types of treatments that have been proven to be better methods than others. Some hospitals allow parents to come into the surgery room and stay with the child, calming them until the anesthetic has taken effect. This is noted to keep anxiety down for both the parent and the child.[14] If the child can enter the surgery calmly, there is much less of a chance that they will have many complications after the surgery due to fear.Other ways to treat the fear of surgery for children include having a doctor explain to them what the surgery is going to do and acting out the operation on a doll or stuffed animal.[12] This makes the surgery something less scary and able to be understood in the child’s mind. When the surgery is understood by the child, the fear of the unknown is less of a factor of how scared the child will be, and how much that will impact their reaction to the surgery.

Adults

Children are not the only ones to express fear of surgery, or have after effects that can affect the mental and physical well being of the person. Adults most fear the pain they expect to receive from the surgery. “The Roche Pain Management Survey polled 500 Americans, 27% of whom had surgery during the previous five years. Of those who had surgery, 77% reported pain afterwards, with four out of five of those saying they experienced moderate to extreme pain. 70%, indicated they experienced pain even after receiving medication; 80% reported they received pain medication on time, although 33% had to ask for it; and 16% had to wait for medication.”[15] Unlike children, adults seem to have less fear of the surgery itself, but rather fear of the effects of surgery.

Milano and Kornfeld in 1980 said “Any operation is a destructive invasion of the body and therefore frightens many patients”.[16] Some operations seem to invoke more fear from patients than others. Aged persons who require cataract surgery often fear the procedure, even though success is very likely. The fear of going blind because of the surgery is more apparent in women, who over all fear surgery more than men.[17] The cataract is a disease that attacks the lens, causing it to swell until sight becomes obscured.[16] Operation is recommended when the disease begins to hamper everyday activities.[18] Even though becoming blind was the only option without the surgery, over 25% of the patients were afraid of becoming blind as a result of the surgery: 34% feared the failure of the operation.[19] Ritva Fagerström, concerning the fears of cataract operation said, “These fears are understandable as the condition of the retina was not known in advance,” [20] Two women out of 75, taking part in a study dealing with the fear of cataract operation felt that the experience of the first operation was so bad that they would not agree to have the second eye operated on.[21] If a patient had this fear, understandable, and did not go through with the surgery, the blindness that would follow would keep them from being able to do normal things, easily leading them into situations of depression, or other dangerous situations which would be destructive to their overall health. Ways to overcome this fear are specific to the individual. Often adults seem to become less fearful when given more information about the surgery, those who will be performing it, or the things to expect during recovery; 69% said that they had received much information and half of the patients trusted the ophthalmologist to do his best.[20] Although adults have less fear of surgery than children, the impact of this fear can still be just as great for both. Fear of surgery no matter who has it can be harmful to the patient if not taken care of properly before the surgery.

Fear of dental work

Main article: Dental fear

Fear of surgery is not the only fear based on medical procedures that can be harmful to the health of those who experience it; fear of dental work can also be dangerous if taken to an extreme. Dental fear has been ranked fifth among the most common fears. (DeJongh, Morris, Schoemakers, & Ter Horst, 1995)[22] Those who start with dental fear when they are young and continue with it into adulthood can have total avoidance of all dental work, causing problems for their health.[23] Fear of dental care is often diagnosed using a fear measurement instrument like Corah’s Dental Anxiety Scale or the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale.

Children

Dental fear in children varies from 3%-21% depending on age and method used to measure dental fear.[23] “A very young child may find the smells of a dental surgery and the sounds of the equipment working very overwhelming” says H.R. Chapman and N. C. Kirby-Turner.[23] Such overwhelming situations can make a child afraid and if the fear is not corrected, it can become harder to get the child to participate in dental procedures.

Some forms of treatment for children who do experience dental fear include allowing the family to come into the room with them to allow the child to see that the other members of the family are not scared, allowing the child to have time to explore the room and the equipment used on them, under the supervision of the dentist, to become familiar with the things surrounding them.[23] Other methods include tell-show-do, positive reinforcement, distraction, nonverbal communication or even general anesthesia and conscious sedation.[24]

Adults

When fear of dental work is not overcome in childhood it is very likely to continue into adulthood, causing a total avoidance of dental visits, which can lead to poor hygiene and lack of proper care for their teeth. Both age and gender have huge differences in how people express and deal with their fear of dental work. Overall women express a fear of dental procedures more than men.[25] Although dental anxiety is shown to be lower in men than in women, men expect more pain from the procedure.[25] This expectance of pain leads many to miss appointments and be unwilling to seek professional help for simple things like toothaches. These simple things can lead to larger problems resulting in decaying teeth and poorly cared for gums. Age also makes a difference in how dental work is dealt with. Dental fear in young adults (ages 18–23) is significantly higher than fear in adults (ages 26–79)[22] showing that over the years, with maturity the fear of dental work decreases. Still many are making appointments and breaking them or not making them at all, leading to a deterioration of their dental condition.[22]

Treatment for this medical fear is similar to that of the treatment of adults who suffer from fear of surgery. Explanations of what is going on can help, also dentists speaking to patients with less embarrassing wording (such as calling what they have a phobia or treating them like a child while discussing their problem) to encourage them to express and cope with their dental fear.[25]

Fear of doctors and fear of needles

Two of the most common fears of medical procedures are the fear of doctors and the fear of needles. These simple fears, when not overcome by patients, either by themselves or with medical help, can cause great problems in the future for their health.

Fear of doctors

People of all ages deal with fear of doctors (iatrophobia). Children often express fear by trying to hide from doctors when their parents take them in for checkups or by trying to avoid going to the doctor by not telling their parents when they don’t feel well. This fear as a child can be easily treated in much the same way that doctors deal with children in surgery. An explanation or example (like seeing the doctor check an older sibling, or a stuffed animal) can help a child feel more comfortable with what the doctor will do for them.

Fear of doctors for adults can be extreme. Avoidance of visiting a doctor can lead to problems with not only short term but also long term health. There is a medical condition called white coat hypertension that deals with the raising of high blood pressure while in the presence of doctors.[26] Such high blood pressure is not good for health considerations, so this fear leads to more complications in health aspects of life for those who deal with it.

Fear of needles

Main article: Fear of needles

The fear of needles (also known as trypanophobia) is sometimes a complex condition that can cause serious health problems that may sometimes result in the death of the patient.[27] Some needle phobics refuse to receive shots that are mandatory, thus leading to greater risk of getting certain diseases, and many avoid treatment for serious medical conditions. Needle phobia is unique in the fact that it is a phobia that is documented to have resulted directly in the deaths of a few patients.[27] In the New England Journal of Medicine, Lountzis and Rahman published an article about a 34-year-old woman who had a growth on her fingers that doctors were unable to completely remove because of her fear of needles.[28]

Notes and references

1. Marion E. Broome & Teri Mobley (2003). "The Child Medical Fear Scale". In Carolyn F. Waltz; Colleen Dilorio & Ora L. Strickland (eds.). Measurement of Nursing Outcomes. Springer Publishing Company. p. 197. ISBN 0-8261-1427-X.
2. Specific Phobias: Clinical Applications of Evidence-Based Psychotherapy pg 5
3. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994)
4. Phobic Disorders and Panic in Adults: A guide to Assessment and Treatment pg 79
5. Fears, Phobias, and Rituals: Panic, Anxiety and their Disorders pg 376
6. Phobic Disorders and Panic in Adults: A guide to Assessment and Treatment pg 82
7. Fears, Phobias, and Rituals: Panic, Anxiety and their Disorders pg 377
8. Fears, Phobias, and Rituals: Panic, Anxiety and their Disorders pg 378
9. Phobic Disorders and Panic in Adults: A guide to Assessment and Treatment pg 84
10. Phobic Disorders and Panic in Adults: A guide to Assessment and Treatment pg 98-102
11. Schmid, Markus; Wolf, Robert C; Freudenmann, Roland W; Schönfeldt-Lecuona, Carlos (2009-11-18). "Tomophobia, the phobic fear caused by an invasive medical procedure - an emerging anxiety disorder: a case report". Journal of Medical Case Reports. 3: 131. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-3-131. ISSN 1752-1947. PMC 2803803. PMID 20062769.
12. Kids and Surgery by: Gorman, Christine, Time, 0040781X, 06/07/99, Vol. 153, Issue 22
13. The Children’s Surgical Worries Questionnaire: Reliability and Validity of a New Self-Report Measure, (Fosson, Martin & Haley, 1990; Setterstro:m, 1984)
14. Assuaging Children’s Fear of Surgery, by Linda Saslow The New York Times, January 7, 1990
15. Surgery Patients’ Number-One Fear. USA Today Magazine, 01617389, Feb96, Vol. 124, Issue 2609
16. Fear of Cataract Operation in Aged Persons, Ritva Fagerstro:m Psychological Reports, 1993, 72, 1339-1346, pg.1339
17. Fear of Cataract Operation in Aged Persons, Ritva Fagerstro:m Psychological Reports, 1993, 72, 1339-1346pg.1339 (Paddison, Strain, Strain & Strain, 1989)
18. Fear of Cataract Operation in Aged Persons, Ritva Fagerstro:m Psychological Reports, 1993, 72, 1339- 1346, pg. 1340
19. Fear of Cataract Operation in Aged Persons, Ritva Fagerstro:m Psychological Reports, 1993, 72, 1339-1346, pg. 1342
20. Fear of Cataract Operation in Aged Persons, Ritva Fagerstro:m Psychological Reports, 1993, 72, 1339-1349, pg. 1344
21. Fear of Cataract Operation in Aged Persons, Ritva Fagerstro:m Psychological Reports, 1993, 72, 1339-1349, pg. 1345
22. Dental fear: Comparisons Between Younger and Older Adults, M. Michelle Rowe, PhD American Journal of Health Studies: 20(4) 2005 pg. 219-224
23. Dental Fear in Children- a proposed model, H.R. Chapman and N.C. Kirby-Turner, British Dental Journal, Vol. 187, No.8 October 23, 1999
24. A Controlled Trial of the impact of exposure to positive images of dentistry on anticipatory dental fear in children, C. Fox and J.T. Newton, Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 2006; 34: 455-459
25. Gender differences in reported dental fear and fear of dental pain, Marc W. Heft, Xiaoxian Meng, Margaret M. Bradley and Peter J. Lang Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 2007; 35: 421-428
26. White coat Hypertension: how should it be diagnosed? E O’Brien Journal of Human Hypertension 1999 13, 801-802
27. James G. Hamilton (August 1995). "Needle Phobia - A Neglected Diagnosis". Journal of Family Practice. 41 (2): 169–175 REVIEW. PMID 7636457.
28. Lountzis and Rahman 359 (2): 177, July 10, 2008 The New England Journal of Medicine

Articles used

• Specific Phobias: Clinical Applications of Evidence-Based Psychotherapy
• Fears, Phobias, and Rituals: Panic, Anxiety and their Disorders
• Phobic Disorders and Panic in Adults: A guide to Assessment and Treatment
• Kids and Surgery by: Gorman, Christine, Time, 0040781X, 06/07/99, Vol. 153, Issue 22
• Assuaging Children’s Fear of Surgery, by Linda Saslow The New York Times, January 7, 1990
• The Children’s Surgical Worries Questionnaire: Reliability and Validity of a New Self-Report Measure.
• Surgery Patients’ Number-One Fear. USA Today Magazine, 01617389, Feb96, Vol. 124, Issue 2609
• Ritva Fagerstrom "Fear of Cataract Operation in Aged Persons Psychological Reports, 1993; 72, 1339–1346,
• H.R. Chapman and N.C. Kirby-Turner "Dental Fear in Children- a proposed model" British Dental Journal, Vol. 187, No.8 October 23, 1999
• Fox C., Newton J.T. (2006). "A Controlled Trial of the impact of exposure to positive images of dentistry on anticipatory dental fear in children". Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 34: 455–459. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2006.00303.x.
• Heft Marc W., Meng Xiaoxian, Bradley Margaret M., Lang Peter J. (2007). "Gender differences in reported dental fear and fear of dental pain". Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 35: 421–428. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2006.00344.x.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Rowe M. Michelle (2005). "Dental fear: Comparisons Between Younger and Older Adults". American Journal of Health Studies. 20 (4): 219–224.
• O'Brien E (1999). "White coat Hypertension: how should it be diagnosed?". Journal of Human Hypertension. 13: 801–802. doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1000939.
• Hamilton James G (1995). "Needle Phobia - A Neglected Diagnosis". Journal of Family Practice. 41 (2): 169–175. PMID 7636457.
• Lountzis and Rahman 359 (2): 177, July 10, 2008 The New England Journal of Medicine

Further reading

• Margaret S. Steward & David S. Steward (2006-02-14). "Children's conceptions of medical procedures". New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development. Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 1981 (14): 67–83. doi:10.1002/cd.23219811406.
• Robert G. Reidel (1981). "Behaviour Therapies". In Carl Eisdorfer (ed.). Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics. Springer Publishing Company. pp. 181–182. ISBN 0-8261-3081-X. — reports on two studies of how to reduce the fear, made by Kendall and Shipley