Tihange Nuclear Power Station

The Tihange Nuclear Power Station is one of two nuclear energy production sites in Belgium and contains 3 nuclear power plants. The site is located on the bank of the Meuse river, near the village of Tihange in the Walloon province of Liège. The station is operated and majority-owned by vertically-integrated Belgian energy corporation Electrabel. EDF Luminus has a 50% stake in the oldest unit and a 10% stake in the two newest units. It employs 1074 workers and covers an area of 75 hectares (190 acres). The plant represents about 15% of Belgium's total electricity production capacity.[1] Nuclear energy typically provides half of Belgium's domestically-generated electricity and is the country's lowest-cost source of power.[2]

Tihange Nuclear Power Station
Tihange nuclear power plant seen from the Citadel of Huy
Official nameCentrale nucléaire de Tihange (CNT)
CountryBelgium
LocationHuy, Liège
Coordinates50°32′4.66″N 5°16′21.12″E
StatusOperational
Construction beganJune 1970 (1970-06) (Tihange 1)
Commission dateOctober 1, 1975 (1975-10-01) (Tihange 1)
Owner(s)Engie Electrabel, EDF Luminus
Operator(s)Engie Electrabel
Nuclear power station
Reactor typePWR
Reactor supplierACLF
ACECOWEN
FRAMACEC
Cooling towers3
Cooling sourceMeuse river
Thermal capacity1 × 2873 MWt
1 × 3064 MWt
1 × 3000 MWt
Power generation
Units operational1 x 1009 MW (gross)
1 x 1055 MW (gross)
1 x 1089 MW (gross)
Nameplate capacity3008 MW
Capacity factor65,2% (2014-2018)
Annual net output17,169 GW·h
External links
WebsiteTihange nuclear power plant
CommonsRelated media on Commons

History

The power station was built by a public utility Intercom which merged into Engie Electrabel in 1990 together with Intercom and Unerg. The design of the plant was made by the Belgian engineering firm Tractebel. Tihange 1 entered commercial operation in 1975, Tihange 2 in 1982 and Tihange 3 in 1985. Tihange 1 was delivered by the ACLF (ACECOWEN-Creusot-Loire-Framatome) consortium. While Tihange 2 was delivered by FRAMACEC (Framatome-ACEC-Cockerill) and Tihange 3 by the ACECOWEN (ACEC-Cockerill-Westinghouse) consortium.[3]

Tihange 2 was shut down at the beginning of June 2012 for a planned inspection. The ultrasonic inspection revealed that there were thousands of semi laminar flaws in the reactor vessel's steel rings forged by Rotterdam Drydocks. These were determined to be hydrogen flakes, which influence steel brittleness and vessel pressure.[4] The reactor remained offline for further inspections and assessment for a year.[5][6][7] Eventually the nuclear regulator judged that the reactor could still operate safely and it was restarted June 7, 2013. The restart, was linked to an action plan concerning further investigations of the material properties of the reactor vessel. A piece of steel from a French steam generator with hydrogen flakes was irradiated at the BR-2 materials testing reactor to simulate the lifetime of the reactor vessel. At the end of March 2014 the test results revealed a different outcome compared to what was anticipated by experts. Therefore, the operator (GDF Suez) decided to stop the affected power plant until a clarification could be found and further operation of the powerplant is declared safe. After a re-qualification of the ultrasonic equipment and additional tests on a more similar German made piece of steel the reactor was restarted in November 2015. A separate investigation by Oak Ridge National Laboratory also justified the restart of the unit.[8] The unexpected results were said to be an anomaly with the original test piece.

Tihange 1 was shut down from September 7, 2016 to May 20, 2017 for works on the non nuclear infrastructure.[9] During construction works for safety upgrades a non nuclear building with auxiliary pumps was damaged. The reactor had to remain shut down while the building was fixed and the ground layers under the building were reinforced.[10]

Units

The plant consists of three second-generation pressurized water reactors with a total net capacity of 3,008 MWe, slightly more than Belgium's other nuclear power plant at Doel. Its three units are rated as follows:[2]

Unit [11] Loops Supplier Thermal power Gross power Net power Start construction Criticality Grid connection Commercial operation
Tihange 1 3 ACLF 2873 MW 1009 MW 962 MW 01.06.1970 21.02.1975 07.03.1975 01.10.1975
Tihange 2 3 FRAMACEC 3054 MW 1055 MW 1008 MW 01.04.1976 05.10.1982 13.10.1982 01.06.1983
Tihange 3 3 ACECOWEN 2988 MW 1089 MW 1038 MW 01.11.1978 05.06.1985 15.06.1985 01.09.1985

Design

The design of the plants is reviewed completely every ten years. This so-called RD (révision décennale) is a legal obligation imposed by the Belgian state and the exploitation license of the plant. The purpose of the review is to update the plants to the most recent international safety standards.[12]

The station from the opposite bank of the Meuse (2007).

Environmental conditions

Various weather conditions have been analysed including rain, seiches, tsunamis, floods, earthquakes, wind, tornados, lightning, snow, hail, extreme temperatures, cyclones, sandstorms and waterspouts.[13]

The Tihange plant was originally designed for 1000-yearly floods. After Fukushima the design base of the plants was increased 10,000 yearly floods by building a flood wall around the plant.[13]:91

Earthquakes were also considered. The historically most significant earthquake for Tihange was the one at Tienen in 1828 with a magnitude of 5.4 on the Richter scale. This earthquake resulted in horizontal ground accelerations of up to 0.1g [13]:55 and formed the original design base for Tihange 1. During the first periodic safety review of the unit after 10 years of operation the design base was increased to 0.17g, this corresponded to the design base of the new Tihange 2 and Tihange 3 units.:50 After the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster probabilistic safety studies performed by the Royal Observatory of Belgium predicted earthquakes with peak ground acceleration of up to 0.21g every 10,000 years.[13]:52 The design was subsequently analysed and upgraded for earthquakes up to 0.3g.[13]:78

Bunker

Besides regular primary level safety systems, in common with most nuclear power plants in the world, Tihange has secondary level safety systems that can autonomously keep the power plant safe during large external accidents such as the crash of an aircraft, external explosions or loss of the primary level.[13]:14[13]:14 The primary level systems have two or three redundant trains of safety.:26–29 The secondary level systems are 3x50% or 2x100%.[13]:30–33 and have their own heatsink separate from the primary heatsink. The primary heatsink is the Meuse river while the secondary heatsink is water from underground water tables.[13]:29

Double Containment

Nuclear plants are designed with multiple physical barriers to keep fission productions from escaping into the environment. In the case of a pressurized water reactor there are three barriers: the fuel cladding which surround the fuel pallets, the primary circuit which houses the fuel rods and finally the containment building in which the primary circuit is built. In Belgium it was decided to add an extra barrier, a so-called double containment.[14] The primary containment of the containment building, is a pre-stressed concrete cylinder with steel liner. It is surrounded by a secondary containment made of 1.2 to 1.3m thick reinforced concrete. The space between both containments is kept at sub-atmospheric pressure and filters are used to filter potential leaks of the primary containment.[13]:14

Filtered Containment Venting System

In answer to a question of die Grünen in the Bundestag, the German parliament, the German government replied that the Belgian nuclear power plants do not have filtered containment venting systems installed. In German nuclear power plants these were already built in after the nuclear disaster in Chernobyl in 1986. Other countries followed this example, latest after the Fukushima nuclear disaster. This kind of system allows for the containment pressure to be relieved in the event of a severe accident. The non-condensible gases that cause pressure within containment to rise are released through a stack (or chimney) via a filtration system that removes large quantities of fission products from the effluent.[15][16][17][18][19][20]

As part of the stress tests following the Fukushima incident, this issue had already been identified to be included in the stress-test action plan (BEST). All units will have functional containment filter venting systems by 2017.[21]

Turbo Feed Pump

Every unit has at least one steam driven feedwater pump which can supply the steam generators with water to cool down the reactor. These turbine driven pumps can cool down the plant even when no electrical power is available to power the motor driven feedwater pumps during a station blackout like the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.[13]:147 In a boiling water reactor, like those in Fukushima, the heat removal capacity of the pumps is limited as the steam that drives the turbines is radioactive and thus has to be stored.[22] This is not the case with a PWR due to the use of steam generators. Steam can simply be removed via a chimney. Autonomy is merely limited by the supplies of water on site. The initial supply of water in the reservoir is sufficient for almost 24 hours. After those 24 hours mobile pumps are used to fill up the reservoir.[13]:147

Nuclear waste

Low and intermediate level waste, which represents 99% of the volume of waste,[23] is treated on site. Category A waste with half lives of less than 30 years is transported to Belgoprocess in Dessel for surface disposal.[24]

High level waste was originally recycled to MOX fuel, and re-used in the Tihange 2 reactor. In 1993, the Belgian Federal government placed a moratorium on the reprocessing activities in order to research other options.[25] Pending further decisions regarding this moratorium, spent fuel is stored on site in spent fuel pools. Final disposal of the waste is being researched at the HADES underground laboratory 225m deep in the Boom Clay.[26] Nuclear transmutation of the waste is also being researched with the MYRRHA project.

Incidents

There have been two incidents of level 2 severity on the International Nuclear Event Scale.

On November 22, 2002 a pressure relief valve on the pressurizer inadvertedly opened while Tihange 2 was shut down. The reactor was being prepared to be restarted after a planned revision and refuel. While the pressure in the primary circuit was being increased to 155 bar one of the safety valves on the pressurizer inadvertedly opened leading to a quick decrease in pressure in the primary circuit.[27] The safety injection system activated as designed and injected cold water ending the transient.

On July 5, 2005 a relay of one of the six diesel generators of Tihange 2 was replaced. The device was not correctly tuned which meant that it would not be available during an accident, resulting in less redundancy.[28]

Other

Call for shutdown

Greens member of the European Parliament Rebecca Harms has called for the decommissioning of Belgium's oldest nuclear reactor, Tihange 1, as it no longer meets international safety standards.

Harms’ demand coincides with the publication of a new study on the risks of the continued operation of Tihange 1. The author of the study is Prof. Manfred Mertins, an expert in nuclear engineering and former member of the German Nuclear Safety Authority. He presented the findings at a news briefing in the European Parliament. The academic came to the conclusion that the continued operation of Tihange 1 due to “outdated reactor design, inadequate safety management and the accumulation of frequent unplanned events represents a potential danger for the site and its surroundings.” It was particularly critical “that the results of international tests and current safety standards are not adequately taken into account.” [29]

Security

On 15 March 2016, the federal government of Belgium decided 140 soldiers would guard the nuclear sites.[30] In late 2015 it was already decided a specially trained department of the federal police would guard the nuclear sites.[31] After the 2016 Brussels bombings on March 22 the nuclear powerplants of Tihange and Doel were preventively evacuated, as per standard procedure if the threat level in Belgium reaches level 4. The powerplants continued running with a minimum amount of staffing.[32]

In February 2017 the Frenchman Jean-Philippe Bainier was installed as the new CEO of Tihange in order to restore confidence in the safety culture at the plant. He succeeded Johan Hollevoet, who was in charge from September 2016 at the Tihange nuclear power station. Together with FANC a new action plan was made in order to raise the safety culture level. 'Safety is my first priority', insured the Engie Top-woman Isabelle Kocher: 'On the safety of our people, of the people living near the power plants and the environment is not to bargain.' In the action plan the responsibilities were more clearly defined and the company was willing to will appeal more independent expertise. The action plan includes a total of 314 actions, of which 142 were already carried out. The intention was that around August 2017 the action plan was to be completed.[33]

Double turbines

The Tihange 1 plant has two separate turbines to produce electricity, the total net electrical power of 962 MW is produced by two 481 MW turbines. These are referred to as Tihange 1N and Tihange 1S, turbogroupe nord (North) and sud (South) respectively.

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gollark: They're small ones.
gollark: The contrast is better since pixels can be fully turned off, and you can make displays flexible, but it's less efficient at higher brightness and you get burn-in as the LEDs degrade.
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See also

References
  1. "Tihange nuclear power plant". Engie Electrabel. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
  2. "Nuclear Power in Belgium". London: World Nuclear Association. February 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
  3. "Nuclear Power Reactors in the World" (PDF). IAEA. 2007.
  4. Doel-3 in Belgium reports possible pressure vessel flaw, ANS Nuclear Cafe
  5. Doel 3 investigates potential cracks, Nuclear Engineering International
  6. Incident at Doel nuclear power station, Belgian Federal Agency for Nuclear Control
  7. Doel 3: Safety Authorities Meet in Brussels, Belgian Federal Agency for Nuclear Control
  8. "Doel 3 & Tihange 2: foutindicaties in de stalen wanden van de reactorvaten". FANC. 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
  9. "Tihange 1 extended shutdown". Engie. 2017-05-20. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
  10. "FANC geeft groen licht voor de heropstart van Tihange 1". FANC. 2017-05-15. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
  11. FOD Economie. "FODe" (PDF). OECD-NEA. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
  12. FANC (2016-03-22). "RD". FANC. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
  13. Engie Electrabel (2011-10-31). "Stresstest" (PDF). FANC. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
  14. FANC. "Barrières". FANC. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
  15. AD (11 maart 2016) Belgische kernreactoren missen benodigde filters
  16. omroep brabant (11 maart 2016) Kernreactor Doel mist belangrijk onderdeel dat radioactieve straling filtert
  17. Nu.nl (11 maart 2016) duitsland zegt dat belgische kernreactoren filters missen
  18. ravage-webzine.nl (11 maart 2016) geen filters in belgische kerncentrales
  19. 4nieuws.nl (11 maart 2016) duitsland zegt dat belgische kernreactoren filters missen
  20. 1limburg (11 maart 2016) Duitse regering: Belgische kernreactoren missen filters
  21. Seventh Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Nuclear Safety (FANC) http://fanc.fgov.be/GED/00000000/4200/4218.pdf
  22. ANS (2017-03-01). "Stresstest=Fukushima" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-02-23.
  23. NIRAS. "Soorten afval". NIRAS. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
  24. NIRAS. "cAt project". NIRAS. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
  25. FOD Economie. "Moratorium". fgov. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
  26. "HADES underground laboratory". Belgian Nuclear Research Centre. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
  27. Belga (2002-11-26). "Incident in kerncentrale van Tihange". GVA. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
  28. "Jaarverslagen FANC" (PDF). FANC. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
  29. Nuclear Monitor 870, December 19, 2018, page 18 . World Information Service on Energy https://wiseinternational.org/nuclear-monitor. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  30. De Redactie (2016-03-04). "Militairen zullen ook". De Redactie. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
  31. "Beveiliging kerncentrales". FANC. 2016-08-04. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
  32. Engie Electrabel (2016-03-22). "Verhoogde waakzaamheid". Electrabel. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
  33. Standaard Be (24 January 2017) Tihange gets new Chief Executive after criticism on security
  • Website Electrabel regarding the nuclear plant Tihange Electrabel
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