Tiger salamander

The tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) is a species of mole salamander and one of the largest terrestrial salamanders in North America[2].

Tiger salamander
Several in captivity

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Urodela
Family: Ambystomatidae
Genus: Ambystoma
Species:
A. tigrinum
Binomial name
Ambystoma tigrinum
Green, 1825

Description

These salamanders usually grow to a length of 6–8 in (15–20 cm) with a lifespan of around 12-15 years.[3] They are characterized by having markings varying in color on the back of their head, body, and tail.[4] The coloring of these spots range from brownish yellow to greenish yellow, while the rest of their back is black or dark brown.[2] They have short snouts, thick necks, strong legs, and lengthy tails.[5] Their diet consists largely of small insects, frogs, and worms, although it is not rare for an adult to turn cannibalistic and consume its own kind[4]. Cannibalism in these salamanders can almost always be traced back to a large volume of competing predators and lack of prey in the area.[6]

Illinois citizens voted for the eastern tiger salamander as state amphibian in 2004, and the legislature enacted it in 2005.[7]

Habitat

Tiger salamanders habitats range from woodlands crowded with conifer and deciduous trees to grassy open fields[2]. These amphibians are secretive creatures who spend most of their lives underground in burrows, making them difficult to spot[3]. One significant requirement these salamanders need to thrive is loose soil for burrowing.[8] Tiger salamanders are almost entirely terrestrial as adults, and usually only return to the water to breed. The ideal breeding condition for tiger salamanders ranges from wetlands, such as cattle ponds and vernal pools, to flooded swamps[4]. This species is most commonly found on the Atlantic coast from New York down to Florida.[9] They are known, however, to be the widest ranging species of salamander in North America and have been found in smaller populations from coast to coast[5].

Breeding

Like all ambystomatids, they are extremely loyal to their birthplaces, and will travel long distances to reach them. However, a single tiger salamander has only a 50% chance of breeding more than once in its lifetime. The tiger salamander's ideal breeding period is somewhere between the late winter and early spring, once the ground is warm enough and the water is thawed.[10] Males nudge a willing female to initiate mating, and then deposit a spermatophore on the lake bottom. About 48 hours after insemination, the female is ready to deposit her eggs in the breeding pool[10]. She carefully attaches the eggs to secure twigs, grass, and leaves at the bottom of the pool to ensure her eggs safety [11]. In about 12-15 days time, the eggs will be fully hatched and ready to mature in the pool[11]. It takes a tiger salamander approximately 3 months to reach full maturity and leave the breeding pool[11]. Large-scale captive breeding of tiger salamanders has not been accomplished, for unknown reasons.

Tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum)
Life cycle

The larva is entirely aquatic, and is characterized by large external gills and a prominent caudal fin that originates just behind the head, similar to the Mexican axolotl. Limbs are fully developed within a short time of hatching. Some larvae, especially in seasonal pools and in the north, may metamorphose as soon as feasible. These are known as small morph adults. Other larvae, especially in ancestral pools and warmer climates, may not metamorphose until fully adult size. These large larvae are usually known as 'waterdogs', and are used extensively in the fishing bait and pet trades. Some populations may not metamorphose at all, and become sexually mature while in their larval form. These are the neotenes, and are particularly common where terrestrial conditions are poor.

Diseases

Although immune themselves, tiger salamanders transmit Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which is a major worldwide threat to most frog species by causing the disease chytridiomycosis.[12] Tiger salamanders also carry ranaviruses, which infect reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Using tiger salamander larvae as fishing bait appears to be a major source of exposure and transport to wild populations. Severe mortality of tiger salamander larvae sometimes occurs from recurring ranavirus infections.

The California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense) (listed at Vulnerable), the barred tiger salamander (A. mavortium), and the plateau tiger salamander (A. velasci) were all once considered subspecies of A. tigrinum, but are now considered separate species. Genetic studies made it necessary to break up the original A. tigrinum population, though some hybridization between groups occurs.

The axolotl is also a relative of the tiger salamander. Axolotls live in a paedomorphic state, retaining most characteristics of their larval stage for their entire lifespans. While they never metamorphose under natural conditions, metamorphosis can be induced in them, resulting in a form very similar to the plateau tiger salamander. This is not, however, their natural condition, and dramatically shortens their lifespan.

gollark: Oh, and if you look at versions where it's "pull lever to divert trolley onto different people" versus "push person off bridge to stop trolley", people tend to be less willing to sacrifice one to save five in the second case, because they're more involved and/or it's less abstract somehow.
gollark: There might be studies on *that*, actually, you might be able to do it without particularly horrible ethical problems.
gollark: You don't know that. We can't really test this. Even people who support utilitarian philosophy abstractly might not want to pull the lever in a real visceral trolley problem.
gollark: Almost certainly mostly environment, yes.
gollark: It's easy to say that if you are just vaguely considering that, running it through the relatively unhurried processes of philosophizing™, that sort of thing. But probably less so if it's actually being turned over to emotion and such, because broadly speaking people reaaaallly don't want to die.

References
  1. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2015). "Ambystoma tigrinum (errata version published in 2016)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T83293207A105179324. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T83293207A3076038.en.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link){{cite iucn}}: error: |doi= / |page= mismatch (help)
  2. Smith, Hobart M. (Hobart Muir), 1912-2013. (1978). Amphibians of North America : a guide to field identification. New York: Golden Press. ISBN 978-0-307-63662-1. OCLC 4875093.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. "Tiger Salamander". National Wildlife Federation. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
  4. Niemiller and Reynolds, Matthew L. and R. Graham (2011). The Amphibians of Tennessee. Knoxville, Tennessee: The University of Tennessee Press/ Knoxville. pp. 88, 89, 90. ISBN 978-1-57233-762-6.
  5. "Tiger Salamander | National Geographic". Animals. 2010-09-10. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
  6. McKlean, K.I. (January 2016). "Cannibalistic-morph Tiger Salamanders in Unexpected Ecological Contexts". American Midland Naturalist. no.1: 64–65 – via EBSCOhost.
  7. "State Symbols". Illinois.gov. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
  8. Wentz, Alissa. "Ambystoma tigrinum (Eastern Tiger Salamander)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
  9. "Tiger Salamanders". amphibianfoundation.org. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
  10. Wentz, Alissa. "Ambystoma tigrinum (Eastern Tiger Salamander)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
  11. "Eastern Tiger Salamander | Chesapeake Bay Program". www.chesapeakebay.net. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
  12. Verbrugghe, Rooij, Favoreel, Martel, and Pasmans, Elin, Pascale Van, Herman, An, and Frank (November 2019). "In Vitro Modeling of Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis Infection of the Amphibian Skin". PLoS ONE. 14: 1–3 – via EBSCOhost.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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