Three-toed box turtle
The three-toed box turtle (Terrapene carolina triunguis) is a subspecies within the genus of hinge-shelled turtles commonly referred to as box turtles. This subspecies is native to the south-central part of the United States and is the official reptile of the state of Missouri.[2]
| Three-toed box turtle | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Testudines |
| Suborder: | Cryptodira |
| Superfamily: | Testudinoidea |
| Family: | Emydidae |
| Genus: | Terrapene |
| Species: | |
| Subspecies: | T. c. triunguis |
| Trinomial name | |
| Terrapene carolina triunguis (Agassiz, 1857) | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Description
Three-toed box turtles are so named due to the number of toes on the back feet, but some think that there are some four-toed examples too. However, some speculate that the four-toed individuals are actually eastern box turtle × three-toed box turtle hybrids. Three-toed box turtles have a domed shell which grows to an average 4.5 to 5 inches in length. The record shell length for this subspecies is 7 inches. The highest part of its carapace or upper shell is more posteriorly positioned than in any of the other subspecies.[3] The dorsal and limb coloration is commonly completely absent, although some dark blotches are common in adult turtles. These areas more often being a uniform olive green or tan color. Sometimes, faint yellow dots or lines are visible in the center of each large scute.[4] In the males, the head and throat often display yellow, red, or orange spots.[3][5] Frequently, the bottom shell or plastron is a straw yellow color, and has far fewer dark markings than the plastrons of the other subspecies.[6]
Distribution and habitat
From the west to the east of its range, the three-toed box turtle can be found from eastern Texas to the northern edge of the Florida Panhandle. Its northernmost range is in Missouri and Kansas, while the southernmost one is in Louisiana.[7] Three-toed box turtles interbreed with other subspecies of common box turtles which overlap the borders of this area. An example of this occurs in the eastern Mississippi valley, where this species is difficult to distinguish from the eastern box turtle.[8] Being popular in the pet trade, three-toed box turtles are sometimes found well outside of their home range. It is not known whether such captives when released into the wild have any impact on the local species of such areas. These turtles are adaptive, and are possibly the only box turtle who can live happily in an indoor enclosure.[9]
Diet
Three-toed box turtles are omnivores, their diets varying with availability of food sources and the seasons. They are known to eat earthworms, insects, snails, slugs, strawberries, mushrooms, and green-leafed vegetation. They have been observed eating the eggs of quail. All box turtles will prefer live foods to vegetation.
It has also been speculated that these turtles eat poisonous mushrooms, but are not themselves sickened by the mushroom's toxins. Afterwards, the turtles then become poisonous themselves. Carr[10] believes this to be the reason why a group of boys in Mississippi became ill after eating roasted three-toed box turtles.
As pets, they have been reported to eat mealworms, corn, melon, crickets, waxworms, tomatoes, cooked eggs, fruit, and even moist dog food. They can be shy about being watched while eating, and may stop and stare back motionless if this happens.
Behavior
Three-toed box turtles are known to migrate seasonally in order to maintain their preferred humidity level. In Arkansas, three-toed box turtles were observed in grasslands in late spring, while in early spring, summer, and late fall they were found in forested areas.[11] During dry times, they dig shallow burrows into leaf litter to conserve moisture. When water is available, these turtles soak for longer periods of time than any of the other subspecies.[8]
Environment in captivity
Three-toed box turtles require care similar to that of all common box turtles, faring best in large, outdoor enclosures. These enclosures should have plenty of room to allow the turtle to burrow, but should also be protected to prevent the turtle from burrowing under enclosure fencing. Indoors, three-toed box turtles should be kept in a large wooden enclosure or a large tub, at least 30 gallons for a single turtle. Do not keep any terrestrial turtle in an aquarium, because turtles do not understand the concept of glass and will become extremely stressed if no visual barrier is given. The enclosure should have a high temperature side with a heat bulb at around 85 °F and a lower temperature side at 70 °F. The enclosure should also contain a hiding spot for the turtle as well as an area where it can soak. Peat moss bedding at around 80% humidity (moist, but not wet) is preferred for these box turtles. They also do well in bark chips and other wood-like materials. Desert materials such as gravel or sand would be too dry and difficult for the turtle to dig into, and will cause small scratches susceptible to infections. Many owners simply spray the surface area of the enclosure down at the beginning of the day in order to moisten the material and to increase the humidity of the enclosure.
References
- Fritz, Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 199. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-17. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
- "State Symbols of Missouri: State Reptile". Missouri Secretary of State Robin Carnihan. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
- Ernst, Carl H.; Roger W. Barbour; Jeffery E. Lovich (1994). Nancy P. Dutro (ed.). TURTLES of the United States and Canada. Washington, USA: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 253. ISBN 1-56098-346-9.
- "MISSOURI'S TURTLES". Missouri Dept. of Conservation. 2006-09-19. Archived from the original on 2012-12-12. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
- Conant, Roger; Joseph T. Collins (1991) [1958]. Roger T. Peterson (ed.). Peterson's Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians, Eastern and Central American. (illustrators) Isabelle H. Conant & Tom R. Johnson (3rd ed.). Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 53. ISBN 0-395-58389-6.
- Carr, Archie (1983) [1952]. Handbook of Turtles, The Turtles of the United States, Canada, and Baja California. Ithaca, USA: Cornell University Press. p. 153. ISBN 0-8014-0064-3.
- Conant, Roger; Joseph T. Collins (1991) [1958]. Roger T. Peterson (ed.). Peterson's Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians, Eastern and Central American. (illustrators) Isabelle H. Conant & Tom R. Johnson (3rd ed.). Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin Company. Map 31. ISBN 0-395-58389-6.
- Ernst, Carl H.; Roger W. Barbour; Jeffery E. Lovich (1994). Nancy P. Dutro (ed.). TURTLES of the United States and Canada. Washington, USA: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 255. ISBN 1-56098-346-9.
- Conant, Roger; Joseph T. Collins (1991) [1958]. Roger T. Peterson (ed.). Peterson's Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians, Eastern and Central American. (illustrators) Isabelle H. Conant & Tom R. Johnson (3rd ed.). Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 52. ISBN 0-395-58389-6.
- Carr, Archie (1983) [1952]. Handbook of Turtles, The Turtles of the United States, Canada, and Baja California. Ithaca, USA: Cornell University Press. p. 155. ISBN 0-8014-0064-3.
- Kingsbury, Bruce (2005). "Three-toed Box Turtle". The Center for Reptile and Amphibian Conservation and Management. Indiana-Purdue University. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
Further reading
- Agassiz L (1857). Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. Vol. I. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. li + 452 pp. (Cistudo triunguis, new species, p. 445).