Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin

Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin and 11th Earl of Kincardine (/ˈɛlɡɪn/; 20 July 1766 – 14 November 1841) was a Scottish nobleman, soldier, politician and diplomat, known primarily for the controversial removal of marble sculptures (also known as the Elgin Marbles) from the Parthenon in Athens.[1] Elgin's removal of the sculptures and the legality of his actions are the subject of dispute between the international community and the British Museum.

The Earl of Elgin
Earl of Elgin
Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin and 11th Earl of Kincardine by Anton Graff (around 1788).
Tenure1771–1841
Known forRemoval of the Marble Sculptures from the Parthenon
Born(1766-07-20)20 July 1766
Broomhall, Fife, Scotland
Died14 November 1841(1841-11-14) (aged 75)
Paris, France
NationalityScottish
Spouse(s)Mary Nisbet (m. 1799)
Elizabeth Oswald (m. 1810)
Issue
11, including James, Robert, Thomas, and Augusta
ParentsCharles Bruce, 5th Earl of Elgin
Martha Whyte

Early life and career

A member of the formerly royal house of Bruce, Elgin was born at the family seat, Broomhall House, Fife, the second son of Charles Bruce, 5th Earl of Elgin and his wife Martha Whyte. He succeeded his older brother William Robert, the 6th Earl, in 1771 when he was only five.[1] He was educated at Harrow and Westminster, and studied at St Andrews and Paris.

He entered the army as an ensign in the 3rd Guards in 1785.[2] He transferred to 65th Foot in 1789, as Captain of a Company, by purchase.[3] In 1793, he was appointed to the Staff as a Major of Foot by Brevet, holding the rank on the Continent only.[4] In 1795, he transferred to 12th Foot as a Major.[5] Later in 1795, he raised a regiment of Fencible Infantry[6] and was appointed its Colonel, with the permanent rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the Army.[7] He was promoted to Colonel in the Army in 1802, to Major General in 1809 and to Lieutenant General in 1814.[8]

He was elected as a Scottish Representative Peer in 1790. Although he formally remained a representative peer until 1840, shortly before his death, he took almost no part in Parliament after 1807.

Diplomatic career

In 1791, he was sent as a temporary envoy-extraordinary to Austria, while Sir Robert Keith was ill. He was then sent as envoy-extraordinary in Brussels from 1792[9] until the conquest of the Austrian Netherlands by France. After spending time in Britain, he was sent as envoy-extraordinary to Prussia in 1795.[10][11] Elgin was appointed as ambassador to The Porte in December 1798.

On 11 March 1799, shortly before setting off to serve as ambassador at Constantinople, Elgin married Mary, daughter and heiress of William Hamilton Nisbet, of Dirleton;[12] Elgin finally arrived at Constantinople on 6 November 1799. He was ambassador to the Ottoman Empire between 1799 and 1803; he showed considerable skill and energy in fulfilling a difficult mission, the extension of British influence during the conflict between the Ottoman Empire and France.[13] He departed Turkey at last on 16 January 1803.

Elgin's controversial removal of the Parthenon Marbles
Main article: Elgin Marbles

Acting on the advice of Sir William Hamilton, he procured the services of the Neapolitan painter, Lusieri, and of several skilful draughtsmen and modellers. These artists were dispatched to Athens in the summer of 1800, and were principally employed in making drawings of the ancient monuments, though very limited facilities were given them by the authorities. Elgin later claimed that about the middle of the summer of 1801, he had received a firman from the Porte which allowed his lordship's agents not only to "fix scaffolding round the ancient Temple of the Idols [the Parthenon], and to mould the ornamental sculpture and visible figures thereon in plaster and gypsum," but also "to take away any pieces of stone with old inscriptions or figures thereon."[11] This firman has not been found in the Ottoman archives despite its wealth of documents from the same period[14] and its veracity is disputed.[15] The half not removed by Elgin is now displayed in the Acropolis Museum, aligned in orientation and within sight of the Parthenon, with the position of the missing elements clearly marked and space left should they be returned to Athens.[16]

It was claimed later that the actual removal of ancient marbles from Athens formed no part of Elgin's first plan. The collection thus formed by operations at Athens, and by explorations in other parts of Greece, and now known by the name of the "Elgin Marbles", consists of portions of the frieze, metopes, and pedimental sculptures of the Parthenon, as well as of sculptured slabs from the Athenian temple of Nike Apteros, and of various antiquities from Attica and other districts of Hellas.[11]

Part of the Elgin collection was prepared for embarkation for England in 1803, and considerable difficulties were encountered at every stage of its transit. Elgin's vessel, the Mentor, wrecked near Cerigo with its cargo of marbles, and it was not till after the labours of three years, and the expenditure of a large sum of money, that the marbles were successfully recovered by the divers. On Elgin's departure from Turkey in 1803, he withdrew all his artists from Athens with the exception of Lusieri, who remained to direct the excavations which were still carried on, though on a much reduced scale. Additions continued to be made to the Elgin collections, and as late as 1812, eighty fresh cases of antiquities arrived in England.[11]

It was claimed later that the removal of about half of the frieze metopes, frieze and pedimental sculpture was a decision taken on the spot by Philip Hunt, Elgin's chaplain (and temporary private secretary, i.e. representative, in Athens). Under unclear circumstances, Elgin's agents were able to remove about half of the Parthenon frieze, fifteen metopes, and seventeen pedimental fragments, in addition to a caryatid and a column from the Erechtheion. The marbles remaining in Athens are generally considered to be in better condition than those removed by Elgin's agents.[16]

Elgin's removal of the marbles was censured by some as vandalism, most famously Lord Byron.[17] Elgin attempted to vindicate himself in a pamphlet Memorandum on the Subject of the Earl of Elgin's Pursuits in Greece, published in 1810.[18] On the recommendation of a British parliamentary committee, which also "vindicated" their compatriot Elgin's conduct, the Marbles were "bought" by Great Britain in 1816 for £35,000,[18] considerably below their cost to Elgin (estimated at £75,000), and deposited in the British Museum, where they remain for now.[1] Internationally, the acquisition of the marbles continues to be widely seen as both illegal and immoral,[19] although there still exist people who support Elgin's act, mostly in Britain.[20] Polls indicate that even in the United Kingdom, a majority of people support the Marbles' return to Athens.[21]

The marbles taken to Britain by Elgin were further damaged while in the British museum by British schoolboys[22] and controversial whitening attempts.[23][24] Those marbles which were not taken from Athens were not subject to this damage are generally considered to be better preserved.[16]

Later career

Elgin, who had been "detained" in France after the rupture of the peace of Amiens, returned to Britain in 1806.[11] Finding that he could not get the British Museum to pay what he was asking for the marbles, Elgin sued his wife's lover for an appropriately high sum. He divorced Mary, for adultery, by legal actions in 1807 and 1808 in the English and Scottish courts—and by act of parliament—which caused much public scandal. Then, on 21 September 1810, he married Elizabeth (1790–1860), youngest daughter of James Townsend Oswald of Dunnikier. Elgin moved to the European continent.

During 1815 Elgin became embroiled in the Tweddell remains affair, a controversy over the possessions of John Tweddell, a classical scholar who had died in 1799 in Athens and Elgin was accused of having appropriated Tweddell's belongings after his death, during his term as British ambassador in Constantinople. The full extent of the items were never recovered and their fate is unknown, but the matter was settled in late 1816 with the return of some of the items to Tweddell's family.[25][26][27]

Family
Mary, Countess of Elgin

Elgin married twice. On 11 March 1799, he married Mary (1778–1855), only child of William Hamilton Nisbet, of Dirleton. They had a son and three daughters:[12][28]

  • George Charles Constantine, Lord Bruce (5 April 1800 – 1840), died unmarried[29]
  • Lady Mary (died 21 December 1883), married on 28 January 1828, Robert Dundas
  • Lady Matilda Harriet (died 31 August 1857), married on 14 October 1839, John Maxwell, son of Sir John Maxwell, 7th Baronet
  • Lady Lucy (1806 – 4 September 1881), married on 14 March 1828, John Grant of Kilgraston

After their marriage ended in divorce, Mary later married Robert Ferguson of Raith (1777–1846), who had been cited in the divorce. Elgin, on 21 September 1810, married Elizabeth (1790–1860), youngest daughter of James Townsend Oswald of Dunnikier. They had four sons and three daughters:[12]

  • James Bruce, governor-in-chief of British North America and viceroy of India and successor to the Earldom. Like his father, he is also associated with art looting, having ordered the destruction of the Old Summer Palace in Beijing, an architectural wonder with immeasurable collections of artworks and historic antiques, inflicting invaluable loss of cultural heritage.[30]
  • Robert Bruce (15 March 1813 – 27 June 1862), Lieutenant-Colonel in the Grenadier Guards, married Katherine-Mary (d. 1869), 2nd daughter of Sir Michael Shaw-Stewart, 6th Baronet.[31]
  • Sir Frederick Wright-Bruce (14 April 1814 – 19 September 1867), barrister and diplomat
  • Thomas Charles Bruce (15 February 1825 – 23 November 1890), MP for Portsmouth
  • Lady Charlotte-Christian, married on 1 July 1850, to Frederick Locker, grandson of Rear-Admiral Sir Edward Locker
  • Lady Augusta Frederica Elizabeth (died 1 March 1876), Lady-in-Waiting to the Duchess of Kent and Resident Bedchamber Woman to Queen Victoria, and married to Very Rev. Arthur Stanley, who became Dean of Westminster.
  • Lady Frances Anne (died 16 August 1894), Lady-in-Waiting to the Duchess of Edinburgh, married diplomat Evan Peter Montagu Baillie, son of Evan Baillie

Elgin died, on 4 November 1841, aged 75, in Paris.[32] His widow the Dowager Countess of Elgin died in Paris 1 April 1860.[12]

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See also

Notes
  1. Encyclopædia Britannica, "Thomas Bruce, 7th earl of Elgin", O.Ed., 2008
  2. London Gazette, # 12636, 5 April 1785, 171
  3. London Gazette # 13095, 9 May 1789, 363
  4. London Gazette, # 13508, 5 March 1793, 191
  5. London Gazette, # 13772, 21 April 1795, 361
  6. Philippart, J., ed. 1820. The Royal Military Calendar, or Army Service and Commission Book, Containing the Services and Progress of Promotion of the Generals, Lieutenant-Generals, Major-Generals, Colonels, Lieutenant-Colonels, and Majors of the Army, According to Seniority: With Details of Principal Military Events of the Last Century, Vol.2, p.343. 3rd edition. London, UK: T. Egerton, and Sherwood, Neely and Jones
  7. London Gazette, 13788, 16 June 1795, 629
  8. Philippart 1820
  9. London Gazette, # 13451, 18 August 1792, 647
  10. London Gazette, 13804, 11 August 1795, 836
  11. Wroth 1886.
  12. Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood (107 ed.). Burke's Peerage & Gentry. p. 1295. ISBN 978-0-9711966-2-9.
  13. Christopher Hitchens, The Elgin Marbles: Should They Be Returned to Greece?, 1998, p.p.10-11
  14. David Rudenstein (29 May 2000). "Did Elgin Cheat at Marbles?". Nation. 270 (21): 30. Yet no researcher has ever located this Ottoman document and when l was in Instanbul I searched in vain for it or any copy of it, or any reference to it in other sorts of documents or a description of its substantive terms in any related official papers. Although a document of some sort may have existed, it seems to have vanished into thin air, despite the fact the Ottoman archives contain an enormous number of similar documents from the period.
  15. Professor Vassilis Demetriades. "WAS THE REMOVAL OF THE MARBLES ILLEGAL?". newmentor.net.
  16. "Parthenon Frieze".
  17. Jenifer Neils (5 September 2005). The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-82093-6. Its iconic status was certainly helped by Lord Elgin's looting of the marbles...
  18. Gosse, Edmund William (1911). "Biography" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 954. The DNB is described in the last paragraph of this article.
  19. "UK has not written back to UNESCO Letter" (PDF). UNESCO.
  20. Trend, Nick. "Why returning the Elgin Marbles would be madness". The Telegraph. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
  21. "Return of the Parthenon Marbles". Ipsos MORI. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  22. Hastings, Chris. Revealed: how rowdy schoolboys knocked a leg off one of the Elgin Marbles Archived 7 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  23. Oddy, Andrew, "The Conservation of Marble Sculptures in the British Museum before 1975", in Studies in Conservation, vol. 47, no. 3, (2002), p. 146
  24. Jenkins, I., '"Sir, they are scrubbing the Elgin Marbles!" – some controversial cleanings of the Parthenon Sculptures', Minerva 10(6) (1999) 43–45.
  25. St Clair, William (1967). Lord Elgin and The Marbles. Oxford University Press. p. 241.
  26. Hunt, Philip; Smith, A. H. (1916). "Lord Elgin and His Collection" (PDF). The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 36: 163–372. doi:10.2307/625773. JSTOR 625773.
  27. Lovell Augustus Reeve; John Mounteney Jephson; Shirley Brooks; Henry Christmas; George Augustus Frederick Fitzclarence (1817). The Literary Gazette: A Weekly Journal of Literature, Science, and the Fine Arts. H. Colburn. p. 38.
  28. "Lord Bruce died, after a lengthened illness, ... at Talaton, Devon, where he had been residing for the benefit of his health. The deceased, George Charles Constantine Lord Bruce, who was eldest son of the Earl of Elgin, by his first marriage with Miss Nisbet, which marriage was dissolved by act of Parliament in 1808, was born the 5th of April, 1800, and was brother of Lady Mary Chichester, the lady of Mr. R. A. Chichester, M.P., Lady Matilda Maxwell, and Lady Lucy Grant. The Hon. James Bruce, the noble earl's eldest son' by his second marriage, born July 20, 1810, is now heir to the family honours.(Courier staff 1841, p. 4)"
  29. "Dec, 1. 1840 At Talaton, where he had been residing for the benefit of his health, aged 40, George Charles Constantine, Lord Bruce, eldest son of the Earl of Elgin. He was of Christ Church, Oxford. He died unmarried, and his half brother, born in 1816, is now heir apparent to the Earldom(Urban 1841)"
  30. Chris Bolby, "The palace of shame that makes China angry" BBC News (2015)
  31. Lang 1987, p. 350 footnote 1.
  32. St Clair 2004.

References
  • Burke, John Bernard (1852). A genealogical and heraldic dictionary of the peerage and baronetage of the British Empire (14 ed.). Colburn. p. 364.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • "NECROLOGY". The Courier (Hobart, Tas. : 1840 – 1859). Hobart, Tas.: National Library of Australia. 14 May 1841. p. 4. Retrieved 5 November 2011.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Lang, Cecil Y. (1987). Lang, Cecil Y.; Shannon, Jr., Edgar F. (eds.). The Letters of Alfred Lord Tennyson: 1851–1870. 2. Harvard University Press. p. 350. ISBN 978-0-674-52584-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Urban, Sylvanus, ed. (January 1841). "Obituary: Lord Bruce". The Gentleman's magazine. 170. J.B. Nicolas and Son. p. 106.
  • St Clair, William (January 2008) [2004]. "Bruce, Thomas, seventh earl of Elgin and eleventh earl of Kincardine (1766–1841)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
Attribution
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Viscount Torrington		 British Minister in Brussels
1792–1794		 French Conquest
Preceded by
Lord Henry Spencer		 British Minister to Prussia
1795–1799		 Succeeded by
The Earl of Carysfort
Preceded by
Francis Jackson		 British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire
1799–1803		 Succeeded by
William Drummond
Honorary titles
Preceded by
The 22nd Earl of Crawford		 Lord Lieutenant of Fife
1807		 Succeeded by
The 22nd Earl of Crawford
Peerage of Scotland
Preceded by
William Bruce		 Earl of Elgin
Earl of Kincardine
1771–1841		 Succeeded by
James Bruce
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