Thirty Meter Telescope protests

The Thirty Meter Telescope protests are a series of protests and demonstrations that began on the Island of Hawaii in the United States over the choosing of Mauna Kea for the site location of the Thirty Meter Telescope. Mauna Kea is considered by some Hawaiians to be the most sacred mountain of Native Hawaiian religion and culture. Native Hawaiian cultural practitioners have repeatedly failed in court to prove that these practices predate 1893, which is the threshold for protection under Hawaii State law. Protests began locally within the state of Hawaii on October 7, 2014 but went global within weeks of the April 2, 2015 arrest of 31 people who had blockaded the roadway to keep construction crews off the summit.

Thirty Meter Telescope protests
Part of The Hawaiian sovereignty movement
Native Hawaiian practitioner, Lanakila Mangauil, "protector" Kahookahi Kanuha and others speaking with Mayor Billy Kenoi against the building of more telescopes on Mauna Kea on October 7, 2014
DateOctober 7, 2014 – present
Location
Mauna Kea Access Road near Mauna Kea Visitors Center

19°45′32.97″N 155°27′23.07″W
Caused by
  • Concern for indigenous, Native Hawaiian cultural and spiritual rights
  • Lack of community and native input
  • Concern over impact to Mauna Kea and groundwater aquifers
  • Concern for protected species and the environment
  • Concern for the religious and spiritual significance of Mauna Kea
GoalsEnd construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope on Mauna Kea and ban all further development of the Mauna Kea observatories. Begin decommissioning of existing telescopes.
Methods
Casualties
Arrested64[1][2]

The TMT, a ground-based, large segmented mirror reflecting telescope grew from astronomers' prioritization in 2000 of a thirty-meter telescope to be built within the decade. Mauna Kea was announced as TMT's preferred site in 2009. Opposition to the project began shortly after the announcement of Mauna Kea as the chosen site out of 5 proposals. While opposition against the observatories on Mauna Kea has been ongoing since the first telescope, built by the University of Hawaii, this protest may be the most vocal. The project was expected to be completed by 2024, nearly simultaneously with the 39-meter Extremely Large Telescope being built in Chile; however, on December 2, 2015, the Supreme Court of Hawaii invalidated the TMT's building permits. The court ruled that due process was not followed. The TMT corporation then removed all construction equipment and vehicles from Mauna Kea, and re-applied for a new permit, meant to respect the Supreme Court's ruling. This was granted on September 28, 2018.[3][4] On October 30, 2018, the Court validated the new construction permit.[5]

Recent polling has showed that public support for construction among all groups has dropped since the start of the 2019 protests, to 50 percent support statewide.[6] There is also significant opposition among native Hawaiians, with polls showing 39 percent supporting the project in 2016[7] to 27 percent supporting in September 2019.[6] Notable native Hawaiian supporters include Peter Apo, sitting trustee of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs,[8] and leading University of Hawaii professor and astronomer the late Dr. Paul Coleman, who, in 2015 noted "Hawaiians are just so tied to astronomy I cannot, in any stretch of the imagination, think that TMT is something that our ancestors wouldn't just jump on and embrace" [9][10] In July 2019, 300 protestors gathered in support of the TMT project outside the Hawaii State Capitol in Honolulu.[11][12]

Background
Main article: Opposition to the Mauna Kea Observatories

Development of Mauna Kea observatories

After studying photos for NASA's Apollo program that contained greater detail than any ground based telescope, Gerard Kuiper began seeking an arid site for infrared studies.[13][14] While he first began looking in Chile, he also made the decision to perform tests in the Hawaiian Islands. Tests on Maui's Haleakalā were promising but the mountain was too low in the inversion layer and often covered by clouds. On the "Big Island" of Hawaii, Mauna Kea is considered the highest island mountain in the world, measuring roughly 33,000 feet from the base deep under the Pacific Ocean. While the summit is often covered with snow the air itself is extremely dry.[13] Kuiper began looking into the possibility of an observatory on Mauna Kea. After testing, he discovered the low humidity was perfect for infrared signals. He persuaded then-governor John A. Burns, to bulldoze a dirt road to the summit where he built a small telescope on Puʻu Poliʻahu, a cinder cone peak.[13][15][16] The peak was the second highest on the mountain with the highest peak being holy ground, so Kuiper avoided it.[17]

Next, Kuiper tried enlisting NASA to fund a larger facility with a large telescope, housing and other needed structures. NASA, in turn decided to make the project open to competition. Professor of physics John Jefferies of the University of Hawaii placed a bid on behalf of the university.[13][18][19] Jefferies had gained his reputation through observations at Sacramento Peak Observatory. The proposal was for a two-meter telescope to serve both the needs of NASA and the university. While large telescopes are not ordinarily awarded to universities without well established astronomers, Jefferies and UH were awarded the NASA contract, infuriating Kuiper who felt that "his mountain" had been "stolen" from "him".[13][20] Kuiper would abandon his site (the very first telescope on Mauna Kea) over the competition and begin work in Arizona on a different NASA project. After considerable testing by Jefferies' team, the best locations were determined to be near the summit at the top of the cinder cones. Testing also determined Mauna Kea to be superb for nighttime viewing due to many factors including the thin air, constant trade winds and being surrounded by sea. Jefferies would build a 2.24 meter telescope with the State of Hawaii agreeing to build a reliable, all weather roadway to the summit. Building began in 1967 and first light seen in 1970.[13]

Observatory opposition

Although the majority of Hawaii residents support the Thirty Meter Telescope,[21] opposition to the project and other observatories has existed since 1964.[22] In Honolulu, the governor and legislature, enthusiastic about the development, set aside an even larger area for the observatory causing opposition in the city of Hilo. Native kānaka ʻōiwi believed the entire site was sacred and that developing the mountain, even for science, would spoil the area. Environmentalists were concerned about rare native bird populations and other citizens of Hilo were concerned about the sight of the domes from the city. Using town hall meetings, Jefferies was able to overcome opposition by weighing the economic advantage and prestige the island would receive.[13] Over the years, the opposition to the observatories may have become the most visible example of the conflict science has encountered over access and use of environmental and culturally significant sites.[23] Opposition to development grew shortly after expansion of the observatories commenced. Once access was opened up by the roadway to the summit, skiers began using it for recreation and objected when the road was closed as a precaution against vandalism when the telescopes were being built. Hunters voiced concerns as did the Hawaiian Audubon Society who were supported by Governor George Ariyoshi.[24]

The Audubon Society objected to further development on Mauna Kea over concerns to habitat of the endangered palila, an endemic species to only specific parts of this mountain. The bird is the last of the finch billed honeycreepers existing on the island. Over 50% of native bird species had been killed off due to loss of habitat from early western settlers or the introduction of non native species competing for resources. Hunters and sportsmen were concerned that the hunting of feral animals would be affected by the telescope operations. None of these concerns proved accurate.[25] A "Save Mauna Kea" movement was inspired by the proliferation of telescopes with opposition believing development of the mountain to be sacrilegious.[26] Native Hawaiian non-profit groups such as Kahea, whose goals are the protection of cultural heritage and the environment, oppose development on Mauna Kea as a sacred space to the Hawaiian religion.[27] Today, Mauna Kea hosts the world's largest location for telescope observations in infrared and submillimeter astronomy. The land itself is protected by the US Historical Preservation Act due to its significance to Hawaiian culture but still allowed development.[28]

Outrigger and Thirty Meter Telescope proposals

Further development of the Mauna Kea observatories is still opposed by environmental groups and some Native Hawaiians. A 2006 proposal for the Outrigger Telescopes to become extensions of the Keck Observatory was canceled after a judges determination that a full environmental impact statement must be prepared before any further development of the site.[29] The "outrigger" would have linked the Keck I and Keck II telescopes. Environmental groups and Native Hawaiian activist were a lot stronger at this time than in the past but NASA went ahead with the proposal for lack of an alternate site. The group Mauna Kea Anaina Hou made several arguments against the development including that Mauna Kea was a sacred mountain to Native Hawaiians where many deities had lived, and that the cinder cone being proposed as the site was holy in Hawaiian tradition as a burial site for a demi-god. The group raised several other concerns such as environmental over native insects, the question of Ceded lands and an audit report, critical of the mountain's management.[30]

Kealoha Pisciotta, a former Mauna Kea Observatory employee, testifies at a State hearing in 2011

The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) is a proposed extremely large, segmented mirror telescope, planned for the summit of Mauna Kea. It is now the focal point of further development of the observatory site, with a current ongoing legal battle in the Hawaii court system. The proposal continues to spawn a great deal of controversy over the use of the site for science.[31]

The TMT project is a response to recommendation in 2000 from the US National Academy of Sciences that a thirty-meter telescope be a top priority, and that it be built within the decade.[32] Urgency in construction is due to the competitive nature of science with the European-Extremely Large Telescope also under construction.[33] The two projects are also complementary, in that the EELT would only view the Southern Celestial Hemisphere, while Mauna Kea offers the best views of the Northern Celestial Hemisphere. However, Mauna Kea's summit is considered the most sacred of all the mountains in Hawaii to many Native Hawaiian people.[34][35][36] Native Hawaiian activists such as Kealoha Pisciotta, a former employee of the Mauna Kea Observatories, have raised concerns over the perceived desecration of Mauna Kea posed by TMT construction and presence.[37] Pisciotta, a former telescope systems specialist technician at James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, is one of several people suing to stop the construction[38] and is also director of Mauna Kea Anaina Hou.[39]

As of April, 2015, two separate legal appeals were still pending.[40]

The 1998 study Mauna Kea Science Reserve and Hale Pohaku Complex Development Plan Update stated that "... nearly all the interviewees and all others who participated in the consultation process (Appendices B and C) called for a moratorium on any further development on the summit of Mauna Kea".[41] Many native Hawaiians and environmentalists are opposed to any further telescopes.[39]

The Hawaii Board of Land and Natural Resources conditionally approved the Mauna Kea site for the TMT in February 2011. While the approval has been challenged, the Board officially approved the site following a hearing on April 12, 2013.[42]

Indigenous peoples rights

The issue of native peoples, their religious freedom and rights in regards to authority for large science-based projects has become a major issue to contend with. Mt. Graham had an issue with the sanctity of the mountain raised by activists. Observatories have succeeded in being built, but only after protracted and expensive litigation and effort.

Blockade and protests
Hawaiian cultural practitioner, Joshua Lanakila Mangauil interrupted the TMT ground breaking on October 7, 2014

Roadway blockade and ground breaking interruption

On October 7, 2014 the groundbreaking for the telescope was being live streamed via webcam. The proceedings were interrupted when the official caravan encountered several dozen demonstrators picketing and chanting in the middle of the roadway. A planned ceremony at the base of the mountain was scheduled by the group, Mauna Kea Anaina Hou, in opposition of the telescope[43] and in a press release dated that day, the organization Sacred Mauna Kea stated: "Native Hawaiians and non-Hawaiians will gather for a peaceful protest against the Astronomy industry and the State of Hawaii’s ground-breaking ceremony for a thirty-meter telescope (TMT) on the summit of Mauna Kea."[44] Several members traveled up the mountain and were stopped by police, where they laid down in the road and blocked the caravan. The nonviolent protest did not stop or block any people but when the ceremony for the ground breaking began, protesters interrupted the blessing, stopping the proceedings as well as the groundbreaking.[43] That same day in California, protesters demonstrated outside the headquarters of the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation in Palo Alto, CA.[45][46]

Second Mauna Kea blockade and arrests, 2015

Beginning in late March 2015 demonstrators halted construction crews near the visitors center, again by blocking access of the road to the summit of the mountain. Heavy equipment had already been placed near the site. Daniel Meisenzahl, a spokesman for the University of Hawaii, stated that the 5 tractors trailers of equipment that were moved up the mountain the day before had alerted protesters that began organizing the demonstrations. Kamahana Kealoha of the group Sacred Mauna Kea stated that over 100 demonstrators had traveled up to the summit to camp overnight, to be joined by more protesters in the early morning to blockade crews.[47] On April 2, 2015, 300 protesters were gathered near the visitor's center where 12 people were arrested. 11 more protesters were arrested at the summit.[48] Protesters, ranging in age from 27 to 75 years of age were handcuffed and led away by local police.[49] Among the major concerns of the protest groups is whether the land appraisals were done accurately and that Native Hawaiians were not consulted. When the trucks were finally allowed to pass, protesters followed the procession up the summit. A project spokesman said that work had begun after arrests were made and the road cleared.

Among the arrests was professional surfer and former candidate for mayor of Kauai, Dustin Barca. A number of celebrity activists of Native Hawaiian descent, both local and national, began campaigning over social media, including Game of Thrones star Jason Momoa who urged Dwayne Johnson (The Rock) to join the protests with him on top of Mauna Kea.[50] Construction was halted for one week at the request of Hawaii state governor David Ige on April 7, 2015 after the protest on Mauna Kea continued and demonstrations began to appear over the state. Project Manager, Gary Sanders stated that TMT agreed to the one-week stop for continued dialogue. Kealoha Pisciotta, president of Mauna Kea Anaina Hou viewed the development as positive but said opposition to the project would continue.[51] Pisciotta also stated that the protests would continue to be within a Kapu Aloha; "moving in Aloha with steadfast determination".[52]

Temporary halt

Governor Ige announced that the project was being temporarily postponed until at least April 20, 2015.[53] In response to the growing protests the TMT Corporation's division of Hawaii Community Affairs launched an internet microsite, updating content regularly.[54] The company also took to social media to respond to the opposition's growing momentum by hiring public relations firms to assist as the company's voice in the islands.[55] TMT sublease payments on hold following order for a contested case hearing.[56]

National and international demonstrations
Demonstrators call themselves protectors, not protestors

The protests sparked statewide, national as well as international attention to Hawaiian culture, Mauna Kea and the 45-year history of 13 other telescopes on the mountain.

At the University of Hawaii Manoa, hundreds of students lined the streets for blocks and, one by one, they passed the stones from the student taro patch of the university's Center on Hawaiian Studies down the human chain to the lawn in front of the office university president, David Lassner, where the stones were used to build an ahu (the altar of a heiau) as a message to the university.[57]

On April 21, 2015, hundreds of protesters filled the streets of Honolulu protesting against the TMT.[58]

2019 demonstrations

The construction of the TMT was scheduled to restart on July 15, 2019. Shortly after sunrise on July 13, 2019, the Royal Order of Kamehameha, along with Mauna Kea protectors began the process of designating Puʻuhuluhulu as a puʻuhonua which, historically, has served as a space of protection during contentious times. The Puʻuhonua o Puʻuhuluhulu boundaries were secured through ceremony and the approval of the Royal Order of Kamehameha, establishing a site of protection, sanctuary and refuge for Mauna Kea protectors.[59] Situated on a 38-acre conservation district directly across from the Mauna Kea access road, Puʻuhonua o Puʻuhuluhulu have access to food, medical supplies, education, cultural practices and ceremony. On July 14, 2019, an online petition titled "The Immediate Halt to the Construction of the TMT Telescope" was posted on Change.org. The online petition has currently gathered over 278,057 signatures worldwide.[60] On 15 July, protestors blocked the access road to the mountain preventing the planned construction from commencing. On July 16, thirteen astronomical facilities on the mountain stopped activities and evacuated their personnel.[61] On July 17, 33 protestors were arrested, all of whom were kūpuna, or elders, as the blockage of the access road continued.[62][63] The days actions were described in a court declaration filed in connection to a Mauna Kea access case by Hawaii County Police, which claims that there was a "significant risk" that certain protesters would "respond with violence" if officers forcefully separated protesters blocking the road. A Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation legal observer there that day claims that the report over embellished the belief that there was a threat.[64]

More than 1,000 people marched in Waikiki and gathered in Kapiolani Park on July 21, 2019 in protest of the project.[65] The protest continued into August 2019 at the entrance of the Mauna Kea access road, in front of Pu'u Huluhulu on Hawaii Route 200.[66] It was announced on August 9, that astronomers at other Mauna Kea observatories would return to work after halting for many weeks in response to the gathering protesters and activists. However, a former systems specialist for one of the facilities claimed it was wrong to blame the demonstrators stating: "They chose to close down for fear of protesters who are unarmed and nonviolent."[67]

On 19 December, Governor David Ige announced at a press conference that he was reopening the access road and withdrawing law enforcement from the mountain . TMT representatives had informed him that they are not ready to start construction in the foreseeable future. The announcement came a day after the Hawaii County Council unanimously rejected a proposal by Mayor Harry Kim that would have authorized the county to accept reimbursement from the state for providing law enforcement on the mountain.

Permitting

On December 2, 2015, the Supreme Court of Hawaii invalidated the TMT's building permits, ruling that due process was not followed when the Board of Land and Natural Resources approved the permit before the contested case hearing. The TMT company chairman stated: "T.M.T. will follow the process set forth by the state."[68][69] On December 16, the TMT corporation began removal of all construction equipment and vehicles from Mauna Kea.[70] As noted above, the Supreme Court of the State of Hawaii ultimately approved the permit following a lengthy contested hearing case. Both the contested hearing case and the Hawaii Supreme Court rejected the arguments asserted by the protesters, finding them to be without merit.

On September 28, 2017, the Hawaii Board of Land and Natural Resources approved the TMT's Conservation District Use Permit.[71] On October 30, 2018, the Supreme Court of Hawaii validated the construction permit.[5]

Reactions

The protests have caused many to voice their support for either the telescope being built, or for its construction on Mauna Kea to be halted. Many of the more public support for either side has caused massive controversy and discussion between science and native culture.

Against protesters

In 2015 University of California astronomers sent out a mass email urging other astronomers to support the TMT through a petition written by a native Hawaiian science student. Concern was raised over the content of the email, with the wording of "a horde of native Hawaiians" to describe the protesters considered to be problematic and potentially racist.[72][73]

Hawaii based businesses that support the telescope were named in a boycott that was popularized on social media. Businesses included were KTA Super Stores and HPM Building Supply, and the backlash on the businesses made local residents who support the telescope wary to voice their opinions.[74]

Support for protesters

Scientists have taken to Twitter and other social media platforms to voice their support publicly for the protest using #ScientistsforMaunaKea, in which they highlight their field and why they feel that the TMT is not needed on the mountain.[75] An open letter was also published and signed by nearly 1,000 members of the scientific community that takes no position on the siting of TMT on Maunakea, but denounces "the criminalization of the protectors on Maunakea".[75] In an online petition, a group of Canadian academics, scientists, and students have called on Prime Minister Justin Trudeau together with Industry Minister Navdeep Bains and Science Minister Kirsty Duncan to divest Canadian funding from the project. Native Hawaiian academics from various fields have also voiced their opposition to the telescope and participated in the protests themselves, such as Oceanographer Rosie Alegado.[76][77][78] On July 20, 2019 an online petition titled "A Call to Divest Canada's Research Funding for the Thirty Meter Telescope on Mauna Kea" has been posted on Change.org.[79]

Several celebrities have supported the protest. Some, such as Damian Marley, Jason Momoa, Dwayne Johnson, Jack Johnson and Ezra Miller traveled to the location and participated in the protests. Others, such as Leonardo DiCaprio, Bruno Mars, Emilia Clarke, Nathalie Emmanuel, Rosario Dawson, Jill Wagner, Jai Courtney, Kelly Slater and Madison Bumgarner have used social media to promote the cause.[80]

gollark: * version
gollark: I heard about some issues with atmospheric density in the next verison.
gollark: I speak English v3.8.1-2021 with the "acronym" extension enabled.
gollark: But it's not corrupt even if you invoke rule 7 for purposes, since the rules say you can.
gollark: It has not. However, you brought it up in a way which implies that you were to do things

See also

References
  1. "31 Arrested On Mauna Kea, Mauna Kea Hui Responds". Big Island Video News. Big Island Video News. April 2, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  2. Andone, Dakin; Jorgensen, Sarah; Sandoval, Polo (July 21, 2019). "This is why native Hawaiians are protesting the construction of a telescope on Mauna Kea". CNN. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
  3. "Hawaii Board of Land and Natural Resources Approves Conservation District Use Permit to Build TMT on Maunakea". September 29, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
  4. "Hawai'i BLNR Approves TMT Permit". Big Island Now. September 28, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
  5. Hawaii top court approves controversial Thirty Meter Telescope BBC News, 2018-10-31.
  6. Dayton, Kevin (September 25, 2019). "Public support for TMT drops sharply, according to a new Honolulu Star-Advertiser poll". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved November 14, 2019.
  7. Hurley, Timothy (January 18, 2016). "Build telescope, scrap convention, most say". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  8. Estrellon, April (August 15, 2015). "Pod Squad: The TMT Battle and the Native Hawaiian Leadership Void". CivilBeat. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
  9. Dickerson, Kelly (October 13, 2015). "The incredible story of an astronomer who struggles to support the instrument that will revolutionize his field but is tearing his community apart". Business Insider. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  10. Knapp, Alex (July 18, 2019). "Why Some Native Hawaiians Are Protesting Construction Of The Thirty Meter Telescope". Forbes. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  11. Finnerty, Ryan (July 26, 2019). "TMT Supporters Rally at State Capitol, Opponents Assemble Across the Street". Hawaii Public Radio. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  12. Hofschneider, Anita (July 30, 2019). "Mauna Kea Protests Leave Observatory Workers Trapped In The Middle". Honolulu Civil Beat. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  13. J. B. Zirker (October 18, 2005). An Acre of Glass: A History and Forecast of the Telescope. JHU Press. pp. 89–95. ISBN 978-0-8018-8234-0.
  14. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. (November 1964). Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. p. 35. ISSN 0096-3402.
  15. David Yount (January 1, 1996). Who Runs the University?: The Politics of Higher Education in Hawaii, 1985-1992. University of Hawaii Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-8248-1821-0.
  16. Astronomy Now. Intra Press. 1991. p. 45.
  17. Parker, Barry R. (November 11, 2013). Stairway to the Stars: The Story of the World's Largest Observatory. Springer. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-4899-6052-8.
  18. David Leverington (December 6, 2012). A History of Astronomy: from 1890 to the Present. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 276. ISBN 978-1-4471-2124-4.
  19. Robert M. Kamins; Robert E. Potter; University of Hawaii (System) (January 1998). Måalamalama: A History of the University of Hawai'i. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 210–211. ISBN 978-0-8248-2006-0.
  20. Joseph N. Tatarewicz (1990). Space Technology & Planetary Astronomy. Indiana University Press. p. 82. ISBN 0-253-35655-5.
  21. Cocke, Sophie (July 16, 2019). "Local support for Thirty Meter Telescope has been strong for years". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  22. Knapp, Alex (June 12, 2015). "Understanding The Thirty Meter Telescope Controversy". Forbes. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
  23. Michael Dear; Jim Ketchum; Sarah Luria; Doug Richardson (April 13, 2011). GeoHumanities: Art, History, Text at the Edge of Place. Routledge. p. 476. ISBN 978-1-136-88347-7.
  24. Barry R. PARKER (November 11, 2013). Stairway to the Stars: The Story of the World's Largest Observatory. Springer. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-4899-6052-8.
  25. Mark Gordon (July 18, 2007). Recollections of "Tucson Operations": The Millimeter-Wave Observatory of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 136–140. ISBN 978-1-4020-3236-3.
  26. Robert F. Oaks (November 1, 2003). Hawaii:: A History of the Big Island. Arcadia Publishing. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-4396-1403-7.
  27. Ned Kaufman (September 11, 2009). Place, Race, and Story: Essays on the Past and Future of Historic Preservation. Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-135-88972-2.
  28. Judith Schachter (September 15, 2013). The Legacies of a Hawaiian Generation: From Territorial Subject to American Citizen. Berghahn Books. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-78238-012-2.
  29. Jeff Campbell (September 15, 2010). Hawaii. Lonely Planet. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-74220-344-7.
  30. Patrick Kenji Takahashi (February 29, 2008). Simple Solutions for Humanity. AuthorHouse. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-4678-3517-6.
  31. Kate Fullagar (March 15, 2012). The Atlantic World in the Antipodes: Effects and Transformations since the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-1-4438-3806-1.
  32. A.P. Lobanov; J.A. Zensus; C. Cesarsky; Ph. Diamond (February 15, 2007). Exploring the Cosmic Frontier: Astrophysical Instruments for the 21st Century. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 24. ISBN 978-3-540-39756-4.
  33. Hubbard, Amy (October 7, 2014). "Monster telescope breaks ground, will offer deepest views of universe". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
  34. Sabine Hendreschke. Menehune Mana The Spiritual Essence of Hawaii. Sabine Hendreschke. p. 43. GGKEY:PDSF05H9RAT.
  35. Martin Gray; Graham Hancock (2007). Sacred Earth: Places of Peace and Power. Sterling Pub.Company. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-4027-4737-3.
  36. Luci Yamamoto; Alan Tarbell (2005). Hawai'i: The Big Island. Lonely Planet. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-74059-691-6.
  37. Winona LaDuke (2005). Recovering the Sacred: The Power of Naming and Claiming. South End Press. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-0-89608-712-5.
  38. Worth, Katie (February 20, 2015). "World's Largest Telescope Faces Opposition from Native Hawaiian Protesters". Scientific American. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
  39. Huliau: Time of Change. Kuleana 'Oiwi Press. January 1, 2004. ISBN 978-0-9668220-3-8.
  40. Solomon, Molly (April 21, 2015). "Construction Of Giant Telescope In Hawaii Draws Natives' Ire". NPR.
  41. Overview of Information Recorded Through Interviews and Consultation. Mauna Kea Science Reserve and Hale Pohaku Complex Development Plan Update (Report). Retrieved April 20, 2015 – via www.envirowatch.org.
  42. McAvoy, Audrey (April 15, 2013). "Massive telescope to be built in Hawaii". 3 News NZ. Archived from the original on October 8, 2014.
  43. Kelleher, Jennifer Sinco (October 7, 2014). "Protesters halt Mauna Kea telescope groundbreaking". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  44. Sacred Mauna Kea (October 7, 2014). "Press Release: Hawaiians Protest 30-meter telescope on Mauna Kea, October 7th". Deep Green Resistance News Service. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
  45. Mai, E. Komo (October 9, 2014). "VIDEO: Full Coverage of Thirty Meter Telescope Disruption". Big Island Video News. Big Island Video News. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
  46. Cooper, Jeanne (October 7, 2014). "Peaceful protest in Palo Alto against massive Mauna Kea telescope". SFGATE. SFGATE. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
  47. Davis, Chelsea (March 26, 2015). "Thirty Meter Telescope protesters continue to block construction on Mauna Kea". Hawaii News Now. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  48. "Clash in Hawaii Between Science and Sacred Land". AP/US News and World Report. Associated Press. April 3, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  49. "Police, TMT Issue Statements on Mass Arrests on Mauna Kea". Big Island Video News. Big Island Video News. April 2, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  50. Scheuring, Ian (April 6, 2015). "Local celebrities take to social media in Mauna Kea protests". Hawaii News Now. Archived from the original on April 8, 2015. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
  51. "Amid controversy, construction of telescope in Hawaii halted - US News". Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  52. Wang, Frances Kai-Hwa (April 6, 2015). "Native Hawaiians Arrested in Protests of Massive Telescope". NBC News. Retrieved October 10, 2015.
  53. Yoro, Sarah (April 11, 2015). "Thirty Meter Telescope construction delayed". KHON2. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
  54. Gill, Lorin Eleni (April 14, 2015). "Hawaii's Thirty Meter Telescope launches informational microsite online". Pacific Business News. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  55. Gill, Lorin Eleni (April 16, 2015). "Thirty Meter Telescope project in Hawaii responds to opposition with website, social media". Pacific Business News. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  56. Hrushka, Anna (February 6, 2017). "Thirty Meter Telescope's sublease payments on hold following order for contested case hearing". Pacific Business News. Retrieved September 30, 2019.
  57. Garcia, Nester (April 10, 2015). "Hundreds form chain at UH Manoa to protest Thirty Meter Telescope". KHON2. Archived from the original on June 29, 2015. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
  58. Witze, Alexandra (2015). "Hawaiian telescope project seeks way forward amid protests". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.17396. ISSN 1476-4687.
  59. "VIDEO, PHOTOS: Native Hawaiian Group Establishes Refuge Atop Maunakea". Big Island Now.
  60. Wu, Nina (July 18, 2019). "Online petition demanding halt to Thirty Meter Telescope project collects 100K signatures". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
  61. "Space station re-entry, Moon tapes and Ebola emergency". Nature. 571 (7766): 452–453. July 24, 2019. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-02240-0. PMID 31341316.
  62. Kelleher, Jennifer Sinco; Jones, Caleb (July 18, 2019). "Hawaiian Elders Arrested as Standoff Continues Over a Telescope Slated for a Sacred Mountain". Time. AP Press.
  63. "DLNR releases names of those arrested on Maunakea". Hawaii Tribune-Herald. Hawaii Tribune-Herald. July 26, 2019.
  64. Richardson, Mahealani (August 15, 2019). "Big Island police incident commander described 'volatile' day at Mauna Kea protest". Hawaii News Now. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  65. Hull, Billy (July 21, 2019). "Hundreds of Thirty Meter Telescope opponents protest in Waikiki". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
  66. Hundreds gather for prayer vigil (Hawaii Tribune-Herald, 2019)
  67. Salazar, Doris (August 16, 2019). "Hawaii's Mauna Kea Observatories Will Reopen After Weeks of Telescope Protests". Space.com. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  68. Overbye, Dennis (December 3, 2015). "Contested case hearing". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
  69. THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF HAWAI'I (December 2, 2015). "MAUNA KEA ANAINA HOU, et al vs BOARD OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES, STATE OF HAWAI#I, et al" (PDF). courts.state.hi.us. Retrieved September 30, 2019.
  70. Epping, Jamilia (December 16, 2015). "TMT Equipment Removal Underway". Big Island Now. Big Island Now. Retrieved December 20, 2015.
  71. 09/28/17 – Board of Land and Natural Resources Approves TMT Permit
  72. Stemwedel, Janet D. (April 22, 2015). "@bucksci Too bad no one thought to take a screenshot. OH WAIT!pic.twitter.com/YQ7OAllBU4". @docfreeride. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  73. Dickerson, Kelly (May 27, 2015). "This inflammatory email has split the astronomy community in two". Business Insider. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  74. Ruminski, Laura (August 1, 2019). "From oblivious to passionate: Kona residents reactions mixed on protest". West Hawaii Today. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  75. Speier, Maxine (July 25, 2019). "Scientists Voice Their Support for Native Hawaiians Protesting the Thirty Meter Telescope". Pacific Standard. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  76. Alegado, Rosie (July 26, 2019). "Opponents of the Thirty Meter Telescope fight the process, not science". Nature. 572 (7767): 7. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-02304-1. PMID 31350535.
  77. Witze, Alexandra (January 14, 2020). "How the fight over a Hawaii mega-telescope could change astronomy". Nature. 577 (7791): 457–458. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00076-7. PMID 31965092.
  78. News, U. H. "Native Hawaiian scientists release paper on indigenous perspectives on Maunakea | University of Hawaiʻi System News". Retrieved February 16, 2020.
  79. Ivan Semeniuk (July 22, 2019). "Thirty Meter Telescope dispute puts focus on Canada's role". www.theglobeandmail.com. Retrieved December 7, 2019.
  80. "15 Celebrities sending supportive messages to Mauna Kea Hawaii 2019". Farmers Market Hawaii. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.