Theraphosoidina

Theraphosoidina is a clade of avicularioid mygalomorph spiders first proposed by Robert J. Raven in 1985, based on a morphological cladistic analysis. Raven included three families: Theraphosidae, Paratropididae and Barychelidae.[1] Subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies upheld the relationship between the Theraphosidae and Barychelidae, but found that Paratropidae fell outside the clade.[2][3][4][5]

Theraphosoidina
Brachypelma klaasi, a member of the Theraphosidae
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Mygalomorphae
Clade: Crassitarsae
Clade: Theraphosoidina
Raven, 1985 (as a "micropicoorder")
Families

See text.

Taxonomy

Theraphosoidina was first proposed as a taxon by Robert J. Raven in 1985, based on a morphological cladistic analysis. Raven included three families: Theraphosidae, Paratropididae and Barychelidae. The group was characterized by the similar conformation of the male tibial spur (used in mating), reduced toothing of the paired claws and many labial cuspules.[1]

Subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies upheld the relationship between the Theraphosidae and Barychelidae, but found that Paratropidae fell outside the clade.[2][3] In 2012, it was suggested that Theraphosoidina should probably include an additional family of spiders related to Homostola.[4] A major 2020 study of the Mygalomorphae established the new family Bemmeridae (raised from the rank of tribe) containing the two genera Homostola and Spiroctenus and included it within Theraphosoidina.[5]

Phylogeny

An outline version of the preferred cladogram from a 2020 phylogenetic study of the Mygalomorphae is shown below. (A node with lower support is marked ♦.) Although the precise position of the Theraphosoidina clade varied in some of the individual analyses, the clade itself was well supported.[5]

Avicularioidea
 

Basal families (6)

 
Bipectina
 

Paratropididae

 
 
 

♦ 8 families

 
Crassitarsae
Theraphosoidina
 

Bemmeridae

 
 
 

Barychelidae

 
 

Theraphosidae

 
 
 
 

"Nemesioidina" (7 families)

 
 
 
 
 

Families

According to Opatova et al. (2020), the clade includes the following families, one of which (Bemmeridae) was first described at this rank in their study:[5]

gollark: I'm not exactly sure why, but in mine it is actually very hard to get a draw even if you're playing both sides manually constructing one.
gollark: Between optimal players it probably would. But I don't have one.
gollark: It never really ends in a draw though.
gollark: I don't have smart enough algorithms to "solve" this game, due to the large state space.
gollark: Too bad.

References
  1. Raven, Robert J. (1985), "The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae) : cladistics and systematics", Bulletin of the AMNH, 182, retrieved 2016-01-18
  2. Hedin, Marshal & Bond, Jason E. (2006), "Molecular phylogenetics of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae using nuclear rRNA genes (18S and 28S): Conflict and agreement with the current system of classification", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 41 (2): 454–471, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.017
  3. Garrison, Nicole L.; Rodriguez, Juanita; Agnarsson, Ingi; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Griswold, Charles E.; Hamilton, Christopher A.; Hedin, Marshal; Kocot, Kevin M.; Ledford, Joel M. & Bond, Jason E. (2016), "Spider phylogenomics: untangling the Spider Tree of Life", PeerJ, 4: e1719, doi:10.7717/peerj.1719
  4. Bond, Jason E.; Hendrixson, Brent E.; Hamilton, Chris A. & Hedin, Marshal (2012), "A Reconsideration of the Classification of the Spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae (Arachnida: Araneae) Based on Three Nuclear Genes and Morphology", PLoS ONE, 7 (6): e38753, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038753
  5. Opatova, Vera; Hamilton, Chris A.; Hedin, Marshal; Montes De Oca, Lauren; Král, Jiři; Bond, Jason E. (2019), "Phylogenetic Systematics and Evolution of the Spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae Using Genomic Scale Data", Systematic Biology, 69 (4): 671–707, doi:10.1093/sysbio/syz064
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