The Stone Flower

"The Stone Flower" (Russian: Каменный цветок, tr. Kamennyj tsvetok, IPA: [ˈkamʲənʲɪj tsvʲɪˈtok]), also known as "The Flower of Stone", is a folk tale (also known as skaz) of the Ural region of Russia collected and reworked by Pavel Bazhov, and published in Literaturnaya Gazeta on 10 May 1938 and in Uralsky Sovremennik. It was later released as a part of the story collection The Malachite Box. "The Stone Flower" is considered to be one of the best stories in the collection.[1] The story was translated from Russian into English by Alan Moray Williams in 1944, and several times after that.

"The Stone Flower"
AuthorPavel Bazhov
Original title"Каменный цветок"
TranslatorAlan Moray Williams (first), Eve Manning, et al.
CountrySoviet Union
LanguageRussian
SeriesThe Malachite Casket collection (list of stories)
Genre(s)skaz
Published inLiteraturnaya Gazeta
Publication typePeriodical
PublisherThe Union of Soviet Writers
Media typePrint (newspaper, hardback and paperback)
Publication date10 May 1938
Preceded by"Marko's Hill"

Pavel Bazhov indicated that all his stories can be divided into two groups based on tone: "child-toned" (e.g. "Silver Hoof") with simple plots, children as the main characters, and a happy ending,[2] and "adult-toned". He called "The Stone Flower" the "adult-toned" story.[3]

The tale is told from the point of view of the imaginary Grandpa Slyshko (Russian: Дед Слышко, tr. Ded Slyshko; lit. "Old Man Listenhere").[4]

Publication

The Moscow critic Viktor Pertsov read the manuscript of "The Stone Flower" in the spring of 1938, when he traveled across the Urals with his literary lectures. He was very impressed by it and published the shortened story in Literaturnaya Gazeta on 10 May 1938.[5] His complimenting review The fairy tales of the Old Urals (Russian: Сказки старого Урала, tr. Skazki starogo Urala) which accompanied the publication.[6]

After the appearance in Literaturnaya Gazeta, the story was published in first volume of the Uralsky Sovremennik in 1938.[7][8] It was later released as a part of Malachite Box collection on 28 January 1939.[9]

In 1944 the story was translated from Russian into English by Alan Moray Williams and published by Hutchinson as a part of the collection The Malachite Casket: Tales from the Urals.[10] The title was translated as "The Stone Flower".[11] In the 1950s translation of The Malachite Casket was made by Eve Manning[12][13] The story was published as "The Flower of Stone".[14]

The story was published in the collection Russian Magic Tales from Pushkin to Platonov, published by Penguin Books in 2012. The title was translated by Anna Gunin as "The Stone Flower".[15]

Plot summary
Vladimir Preobrazhensky as Danilo in The Tale of the Stone Flower ballet, 1 March 1954.

The main character of the story, Danilo, is a weakling and a scatterbrain, and people from the village find him strange. He is sent to study under the stone-craftsman Prokopich. One day he is given an order to make a fine-molded cup, which he creates after a thornapple. It turns out smooth and neat, but not beautiful enough for Danilo's liking. He is dissatisfied with the result. He says that even the simplest flower "brings joy to your heart", but his stone cup will bring joy to no one. Danilo feels as if he just spoils the stone. An old man tells him the legend that a most beautiful Stone Flower grows in the domain of the Mistress of the Copper Mountain, and those who see it start to understand the beauty of stone, but "life loses all its sweetness" for them. They become the Mistress's mountain craftsmen forever. Danilo's fiancée Katyenka asks him to forget it, but Danilo longs to see the Flower. He goes to the copper mine and finds the Mistress of the Copper Mountain. He begs her to show him the Flower. The Mistress reminds him of his fiancée and warns Danilo that he would never want to go back to his people, but he insists. She then shows him the Malachite Flower. Danilo goes back to the village, destroys his stone cup and then disappears. "Some said he'd taken leave of his senses and died somewhere in the woods, but others said the Mistress had taken him to her mountain workshop forever".[16]

Sources

The main character of the story, Danilo the Craftsman, was based on the real miner Danila Zverev (Russian: Данила Кондратьевич Зверев, tr. Danila Kondratyevich Zverev; 1858–1938).[17] Bazhov met him at the lapidary studio in Sverdlovsk. Zverev was born, grew up and spent most of his life in Koltashi village, Rezhevsky District.[18] Before the October Revolution Zverev moved to Yekaterinburg, where he took up gemstone assessment. Bazhov later created another skaz about his life, "Dalevoe glyadeltse". Danila Zverev and Danilo the Craftsman share many common traits, e.g. both lost their parents early, both tended cattle and were punished for their dreaminess, both suffered from poor health since childhood. Danila Zverev was so short and thin that the villagers gave him the nickname "Lyogonkiy" (Russian: Лёгонький, lit. '"Lightweight"'). Danilo from the story had another nickname "Nedokormysh" (Russian: Недокормыш, lit. '"Underfed" or "Famished"'). Danila Zverev's teacher Samoil Prokofyich Yuzhakov (Russian: Самоил Прокофьич Южаков) became the source of inpisration for Danilo the Craftsman's old teacher Prokopich.[17]

Themes

During Soviet times, every edition of The Malachite Box was usually prefaced by an essay by a famous writer or scholar, commenting on the creativity of the Ural miners, cruel landlords, social oppression and the "great workers unbroken by the centuries of slavery".[19] The later scholars focused more on the relationship of the characters with nature, the Mountain and the mysterious in general.[20] Maya Nikulina comments that Danilo is the creator who is absolutely free from all ideological, social and political contexts. His talent comes from the connection with the secret force, which controls all his movements. Moreover, the local landlord, while he exists, is unimportant for Danilo's story. Danilo's issues with his employer are purely aesthetic, i.e., a custom-made vase was ordered, but Danilo, as an artist, only desires to understand the beauty of stone, and this desire takes him away from life.[21]

The Stone Flower is the embodiment of the absolute magic power of stone and the absolute beauty, which is beyond mortals' reach.[22]

Many noted that the Mistress' world represents the realm of the dead,[23][24] which is emphasized not only by its location underneath the human world but also mostly by its mirror-like, uncanny, imitation or negation of the living world.[23] Everything looks strange there, even the trees are cold and smooth like stone. The Mistress herself does not eat or drink, she does not leave any traces, her clothing is made of stone and so on. The Mountain connects her to the world of the living, and Danilo metaphorically died for the world, when we went to her.[24] Mesmerized by the Flower, Danilo feels at his own wedding as if he were at a funeral. A contact with the Mistress is a symbolic manifestation of death. Marina Balina noted that as one of the "mountain spirits", she does not hesitate to kill those who did not pass her tests, but even those who had been rewarded by her do not live happily ever after, as shown with Stepan in "The Mistress of the Copper Mountain".[23] The Mistress was also interpreted as the manifestation of female sexuality. "The Mistress exudes sexual attraction and appears as its powerful source".[25] Mark Lipovetsky commented that Mistress embodies the struggle and unity between Eros and Thanatos. The Flower is made of cold stone for that very reason: it points at death along with sexuality.[26] All sexual references in Pavel Bazhov's stories are very subtle, owing to Soviet puritanism.[27]

Danilo is a classical Bazhov binary character. On the one hand, he is a truth seeker and a talented craftsman, on the other hand, he is an outsider, who violates social norms, destroys the lives of the loved ones and his own.[28] The author of The Fairy Tale Encyclopedia suggests that the Mistress represents the conflict between human kind and nature. She compares the character with Mephistopheles, because a human needs to wager his soul with the Mistress in order to get the ultimate knowledge. Danilo wagers his soul for exceptional craftsmanship skills.[29] However, the Mistress does not force anyone to abandon their moral values, and therefore "is not painted in dark colours".[30] Lyudmila Skorino believed that she represented the nature of the Urals, which inspires a creative person with its beauty.[31]

Denis Zherdev commented that the Mistress's female domain is the world of chaos, destruction and spontaneous uncontrolled acts of creation (human craftsmen are needed for the controlled creation). Although the characters are so familiar with the female world that the appearance of the Mistress is regarded as almost natural and even expected, the female domain collides with the ordered factory world, and brings in randomness, variability, unpredictability and capriciousness. Direct contact with the female power is a violation of the world order and therefore brings destruction or chaos.[32]

One of the themes is how to become a true artist and the subsequent self-fulfillment. The Soviet critics' point of view was that the drama of Danilo came from the fact that he was a serf, and therefore did not receive the necessary training to complete the task. However, modern critics disagree and state that the plot of the artist's dissatisfaction is very popular in literature. Just like in the Russian poem The Sylph, written by Vladimir Odoyevsky, Bazhov raises the issue that the artist can reach his ideal only when he comes in with the otherworldly.[33]

Sequels

"The Master Craftsman"
"The Master Craftsman" redirects here. For a member of a guild, see Master craftsman.

"The Master Craftsman" (Russian: Горный мастер, tr. Gornyj master) was serialized in Na Smenu! from 14 to 26 January 1939, in Oktyabr (issues 5–6), and in Rabotnitsa magazine (issues 18–19).[34][35] In 1944 the story was translated from Russian into English by Alan Moray Williams and published by Hutchinson as a part of the collection The Malachite Casket: Tales from the Urals. The title was translated as "The Master Craftsman".[36] In the 1950s translation of The Malachite Casket, made by Eve Manning, the story was published as "The Mountain Craftsman".[37] The story was published in the collection Russian Magic Tales from Pushkin to Platonov, published by Penguin Books in 2012. The title was translated by Anna Gunin as "The Mountain Master".[38]

The story begins after the disappearance of Danilo. For several years Danilo's betrothed Katyenka (Katya) waits for him and stays unmarried despite the fact that everyone laughs at her. She is the only person who believes that Danilo will return. She is quickly nicknamed "Dead Man's Bride". When both of her parents die, she moves away from her family and goes to Danilo's house and takes care of his old teacher Prokopich, although she knows that living with a man can ruin her reputation. Prokopich welcomes her happily. He earns some money by gem-cutting, Katya runs the house, cooks, and does the gardening. When Prokopich gets too old to work, Katya realizes that she cannot possibly support herself by needlework alone. She asks him to teach her some stone craft. Prokopich laughs at first, because he does not believe gem-cutting is a suitable job for a woman, but soon relents. He teaches her how to work with malachite. After he dies, Katya decides to live in the house alone. Her strange behaviour, her refusal to marry someone and lead a normal life cause people at the village to think that she is insane or even a witch, but Katya firmly believes that Danilo will "learn all he wants to know, there in the mountain, and then he'll come".[39] She wants to try making medallions and selling them. There are no gemstones left, so she goes to the forest, finds an exceptional piece of gemstone and starts working. After the medallions are finished, she goes to the town to the merchant who used to buy Prokopich's work. He reluctantly buys them all, because her work is very beautiful. Katya feels as if this was a token from Danilo. She runs back to the forest and starts calling for him. The Mistress of the Copper Mountain appears. Katya bravely demands that she gives Danilo back. The Mistress takes her to Danilo and says: "Well, Danilo the Master Craftsman, now you must choose. If you go with her you forget all that is mine, if you remain here, then you must forget her and all living people".[40] Danilo chooses Katya, saying that he thinks about her every moment. The Mistress is pleased with Katya's bravery and rewards her by letting Danilo remember everything that he had learned in the Mountain. She then warns Danilo to never tell anyone about his life there. The couple thanks the Mistress and goes back to the village. When asked about his disappearance, Danilo claims that he simply left to Kolyvan to train under another craftsman. He marries Katya. His works is extraordinary, and everyone starts calling him "the mountain craftsman".

Other books
See also: List of stories within The Malachite Box § A Fragile Twig

This family's story continues in "A Fragile Twig", published in 1940.[41] "A Fragile Twig" focuses on Katyenka and Danilo's son Mitya. This is the last tale about Danilo's family. Bazhov had plans for the fourth story about Danilo's family, but it was never written. In the interview to a Soviet newspaper Vechernyaya Moskva the writer said: "I am going to finish "The Stone Flower" story. I would like to write about the heirs of the protagonist, Danilo, [I would like] to write about their remarkable skills and aspirations for the future. I'm thinking about leading the story to the present day".[42] This plan was later abandoned.

Reception and legacy
The Stone Flower in the early design of Polevskoy's coat of arms (1981).[43]
The current flag of Polevskoy features the Mistress of the Copper Mountain (depicted as a lizard) inside the symbolic representation of the Stone Flower.

Danilo the Craftsman became one of the best known characters of Bazhov's tales.[21] The fairy tale inspired numerous adaptations, including films and stage adaptations. It is included in the school reading curriculum.[44] "The Stone Flower" is typically adapted with "The Master Craftsman".

It generated a Russian catchphrase "How did that Stone Flower come out?" (Russian: "Не выходит у тебя Каменный цветок?", tr. Ne vykhodit u tebja Kamennyj tsvetok?, lit. "Naught came of your Stone Flower?"),[47] derived from these dialogue:

"Well, Danilo the Craftsman, so naught came of your thornapple?"
"No, naught came of it," he said.[48]

The style of the story was praised.[49]

Films
  • The Stone Flower, a 1946 Soviet film;[50] incorporates plot elements from the stories "The Mistress of the Copper Mountain" and "The Master Craftsman".
  • The Stone Flower, a 1977 animated film;[51] based on "The Stone Flower" and "The Master Craftsman"
  • The Master Craftsman, a 1978 animated film made by Soyuzmultfilm studio,[52] based on "The Stone Flower" and "The Master Craftsman".
  • The Book of Masters, a 2009 Russian language fantasy film, is loosely based on Bazhov's tales, including "The Stone Flower".[53][54]
  • The Stone Flower (another title: Skazy), a television film of two-episodes that premiered on 1 January 1988. This film is a photoplay (a theatrical play that has been filmed for showing as a film) based on the 1987 play of the Maly Theatre. It was directed by Vitaly Ivanov, with the music composed by Nikolai Karetnikov, and released by Studio Ekran. It starred Yevgeny Samoylov, Tatyana Lebedeva, Tatyana Pankova, Oleg Kutsenko.[55]

Theatre

Notes
  1. "Bazhov Pavel Petrovitch". The Russian Academy of Sciences Electronic Library IRLI (in Russian). The Russian Literature Institute of the Pushkin House, RAS. pp. 151–152. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  2. Litovskaya 2014, p. 247.
  3. "Bazhov P. P. The Malachite Box" (in Russian). Bibliogid. 13 May 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  4. Balina, Marina; Goscilo, Helena; Lipovetsky, Mark (25 October 2005). Politicizing Magic: An Anthology of Russian and Soviet Fairy Tales. The Northwestern University Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780810120327.
  5. Slobozhaninova, Lidiya (2004). "Malahitovaja shkatulka Bazhova vchera i segodnja" “Малахитовая шкатулка” Бажова вчера и сегодня [Bazhov's Malachite Box yesterday and today]. Ural (in Russian). Yekaterinburg. 1.
  6. Komlev, Andrey (2004). "Bazhov i Sverdlovskoe otdelenie Sojuza sovetskih pisatelej" Бажов и Свердловское отделение Союза советских писателей [Bazhov and the Sverdlovsk department of the Union of the Soviet writers]. Ural (in Russian). Yekaterinburg. 1.
  7. Bazhov 1952, p. 243.
  8. "Kamennyj tsvetok" (in Russian). FantLab. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
  9. "The Malachite Box" (in Russian). The Live Book Museum. Yekaterinburg. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
  10. The malachite casket; tales from the Urals, (Book, 1944). WorldCat. OCLC 1998181.
  11. Bazhov 1944, p. 76.
  12. "Malachite casket : tales from the Urals / P. Bazhov ; [translated from the Russian by Eve Manning ; illustrated by O. Korovin ; designed by A. Vlasova]". The National Library of Australia. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  13. Malachite casket; tales from the Urals. (Book, 1950s). WorldCat. OCLC 10874080.
  14. Bazhov 1950s, p. 9.
  15. Russian magic tales from Pushkin to Platonov (Book, 2012). WorldCat.org. OCLC 802293730.
  16. Bazhov 1950s, p. 67.
  17. "Родина Данилы Зверева". А.В. Рычков, Д.В. Рычков "Лучшие путешествия по Среднему Уралу". (in Russian). geocaching.su. 28 July 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  18. Dobrovolsky, Evgeni (1981). Оптимальный вариант. Sovetskaya Rossiya. p. 5.
  19. Nikulina 2003, p. 76.
  20. Nikulina 2003, p. 77.
  21. Nikulina 2003, p. 80.
  22. Prikazchikova, E. (2003). "Каменная сила медных гор Урала" [The Stone Force of The Ural Copper Mountains] (PDF). Izvestiya of the Ural State University (in Russian). The Ural State University (28): 16.
  23. Balina 2013, p. 273.
  24. Shvabauer, Nataliya (10 January 2009). "Типология фантастических персонажей в фольклоре горнорабочих Западной Европы и России" [The Typology of the Fantastic Characters in the Miners' Folklore of Western Europe and Russia] (PDF). Dissertation (in Russian). The Ural State University. p. 147. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  25. Balina 2013, p. 270.
  26. Lipovetsky 2014, p. 220.
  27. Lipovetsky 2014, p. 218.
  28. Zherdev, Denis (2003). "Binarnost kak element pojetiki bazhovskikh skazov" Бинарность как элемент поэтики бажовских сказов [Binarity as the Poetic Element in Bazhov's Skazy] (PDF). Izvestiya of the Ural State University (in Russian). The Ural State University (28): 46–57.
  29. Budur 2005, p. 124.
  30. Budur 2005, p. 285.
  31. Bazhov 1952, p. 232.
  32. Zherdev, Denis. "Poetika skazov Bazhova" Поэтика сказов Бажова [The poetics of Bazhov's stories] (in Russian). Research Library Mif.Ru. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  33. Sozina, E. "O nekotorykh motivah russkoj klassicheskoj literatury v skazah P. P. Bazhova o masterah О некоторых мотивах русской классической литературы в сказах П. П. Бажова о «мастерах» [On some Russian classical literature motives in P. P. Bazhov's "masters" stories.]" in: P. P. Bazhov i socialisticheskij realizm.
  34. "Горный мастер" [The Master Craftsman] (in Russian). FantLab. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  35. Bazhov 1952 (1), p. 243.
  36. Bazhov 1944, p. 95.
  37. Bazhov 1950s, p. 68.
  38. Russian magic tales from Pushkin to Platonov (Book, 2012). WorldCat.org. OCLC 802293730.
  39. Bazhov 1950s, p. 70.
  40. Bazhov 1950s, p. 80.
  41. Izmaylova, A. B. "Сказ П.П. Бажова "Хрупкая веточка" в курсе "Русская народная педагогика"" [P. Bazhov's skaz A Fragile Twig in the course The Russian Folk Pedagogics] (PDF) (in Russian). The Vladimir State University. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
  42. "The interview with P. Bazhov". Vechernyaya Moskva (in Russian). Mossovet. 31 January 1948.: "Собираюсь закончить сказ о "Каменном цветке". Мне хочется показать в нем преемников его героя, Данилы, написать об их замечательном мастерстве, устремлении в будущее. Действие сказа думаю довести до наших дней".
  43. "Городской округ г. Полевской, Свердловская область" [Polevskoy Town District, Sverdlovsk Oblast]. Coats of arms of Russia (in Russian). Heraldicum.ru. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  44. Korovina, V. "Программы общеобразовательных учреждений" [The educational institutions curriculum] (in Russian). Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  45. "Средний Урал отмечает 130-летие со дня рождения Павла Бажова" (in Russian). Yekaterinburg Online. 27 January 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  46. http://www.oblgazeta.ru/news/7061/
  47. Kozhevnikov, Alexey (2004). Крылатые фразы и афоризмы отечественного кино [Catchphrases and aphorisms from Russian cinema] (in Russian). OLMA Media Group. p. 214. ISBN 9785765425671.
  48. Bazhov 1950s, p. 231. In Russian: "Ну что, Данило-мастер, не вышла твоя дурман-чаша?" - "Не вышла, - отвечает."
  49. Eydinova, Viola (2003). "O stile Bazhova" О стиле Бажова [About Bazhov's style]. Izvestiya of the Ural State University (in Russian). The Ural State University. 28: 40–46.
  50. "The Stone Flower (1946)" (in Russian). The Russian Cinema Encyclopedia. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  51. "A Stone Flower". Animator.ru. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
  52. "Mining Master". Animator.ru. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
  53. Sakharnova, Kseniya (21 October 2009). ""Книга мастеров": герои русских сказок в стране Disney" [The Book of Masters: the Russian fairy tale characters in Disneyland] (in Russian). Profcinema Co. Ltd. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  54. Zabaluyev, Yaroslav (27 October 2009). "Nor have we seen its like before…" (in Russian). Gazeta.ru. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  55. "Каменный цветок 1987" [The Stone Flower 1987] (in Russian). Kino-teatr.ru. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  56. Litovskaya 2014, p. 250.
  57. Rollberg, Peter (7 November 2008). Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. Scarecrow Press. p. 461. ISBN 9780810862685.
  58. "Опера Молчанова "Каменный цветок"" [Molchanov's opera The Stone Flower] (in Russian). Belcanto.ru. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  59. The Union of the Soviet Composers, ed. (1950). Советская музыка [Soviet Music] (in Russian). 1–6. Государственное Музыкальное издательство. p. 109.
  60. Medvedev, A (February 1951). "Каменный цветок" [The Stone Flower]. Smena (in Russian). Smena Publishing House. 2 (570).
  61. Balina 2013, p. 263.
gollark: Though I can do one better and make it detect typos in all textboxes on the site.
gollark: Maybe.
gollark: And you could persist it through screenshots by slightly adjusting the colors of each character up and down, or overlaying very faint QR-code-type things.
gollark: Hidden data.
gollark: Evil idea: mix ZWS-encoded data into text so you can... persist data through copy/pasting I guess?

References
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