The Memorandum

The Memorandum is an English translation of the 1965 play Vyrozumění, by Czech playwright Václav Havel. Englishwoman Vera Blackwell first published this translation in 1967. In 2006, American translator Paul Wilson published a new translation, titled The Memo at Havel's request. [1]

The Memorandum
Written byVáclav Havel
CharactersJosef Gross (Andrew Gross)
Jan Ballas (Max Balas)
Pillar (Victor Kubs)
Maria (Alice)
Hana
Helena (Talaura)
Stroll (Ken Masat)
Savant (Sid Maher)
George (Josh)
Thumb (Ms. Kalous)
Lear (J. V. Brown)
Column
Date premiered1965
Genreblack comedy
The play by the Ljubljana Drama Theatre in 1969

Both plays are a black comedy that parody bureaucracy and conformity. Havel wrote Vyrozumění prior to the Prague Spring of 1968 as an ironic satire dissenting communist rule. Despite its veiled themes, the play was approved by government censors and published. The Memorandum centers on the introduction of a new language, "Ptydepe", in an unnamed organization, that is meant to make work more efficient despite having the opposite effect. [2] Sam Walters considers The Memorandum to be Havel’s masterpiece.[3]

Plot

Josef Gross (Andrew Gross in the Wilson translation), a director of an unnamed organization, receives a memorandum written in Ptydepe, a constructed language, about an audit. He finds out that Ptydepe was created to get rid of similarities between words, such as fox and ox, and emotional connotations. He tries to get someone to translate the memorandum for him, and gradually becomes opposed to the use of Ptydepe. Gross finally finds a reluctant secretary named Maria (Alice in the Wilson translation) who explains that, while she can translate the memorandum, she does not yet have a permit to do so.

The next day, his deputy Jan Ballas (Max Balas in the Wilson translation) takes over Gross's job. Gross becomes a "staff watcher", someone who spies on the workers of the unnamed organization. Meanwhile, Maria gets fired for translating Gross's memorandum. The last few Ptydepe learners in the organization give up learning. After a while, Ballas gives his job back to Gross. Ptydepe is replaced with another language, Chorukor, one with very extreme similarities between words so as to make learning it easier, but finally it is decided to get back to the mother language. The play ends up with most of the characters going to lunch.

Characters
  • Josef Gross (Andrew Gross)
  • Jan Ballas (Max Balas)
  • Pillar (Victor Kubs)
  • Maria (Alice)
  • Hana
  • Helena (Talaura)
  • Stroll (Ken Masat)
  • Savant (Sid Maher)
  • George (Josh)
  • Thumb (Ms. Kalous)
  • Lear (J. V. Brown)
  • Column

Invented languages

The play's two fictional artificial languages, Ptydepe and Chorukor, are at the heart of the play's satire.

Ptydepe

According to the characters of the play, Ptydepe was constructed along strictly scientific lines, with none of the messiness and ambiguity of natural languages. In order to be able to express precisely all the subtle and easily misunderstood nuances of natural language, Ptydepe has a large, non-expandable vocabulary. Another problem of natural language that Ptydepe was intended to eliminate is the frequent similarity of unrelated words, or homonyms. To entirely avoid the possibilities for confusion that arise with homonyms and similar unrelated words, Ptydepe was created according to the postulate that all words must be formed from the least probable combinations of letters. Specifically, it makes use of the so-called "sixty percent dissimilarity" rule; which states that any Ptydepe word must differ by at least sixty percent of its letters from any other word consisting of the same number of letters. This led to the necessity of creating some very long words. The inevitable problem of pronounceability is solved by breaking very long words up into smaller clusters of letters called "subwords", which nonetheless have no meaning outside of the word they belong to and are not interchangeable.

Length of words, like everything else in Ptydepe, is determined scientifically. The vocabulary of Ptydepe uses entropy encoding: shorter words have more common meanings. Therefore, the shortest word in Ptydepe, gh, corresponds to what is so far known to be the most general term in natural language, whatever. (The longest word in Ptydepe, which contains 319 letters, is the word for "wombat" in an English translation. However in the Czech original it is a name for a nonexistent member of the genus Apus, rorýs říční.[4]) Theoretically an even shorter word than gh exists in Ptydepe, namely f, but it has no meaning assigned and is held in reserve in case a more general term than "whatever" is discovered.

Havel's younger brother, computer scientist Ivan M. Havel, helped in its formulation.

In Czech, the word "Ptydepe" has been used to mean incomprehensible bureaucratic jargon, or newspeak intending to hide its true meaning.

Example

From the memorandum discovered in the office in Scene 1:

Ra ko hutu d dekotu ely trebomu emusohe, vdegar yd, stro reny er gryk kendy, alyv zvyde dezu, kvyndal fer teknu sely. Degto yl tre entvester kyleg gh: orka epyl y bodur depty-depe emete. Grojto af xedob yd, kyzem ner osonfterte ylem kho dent de det detrym gynfer bro enomuz fechtal agni laj kys defyj rokuroch bazuk suhelen...[5][6]

Chorukor

Chorukor serves as the tentative replacement for Ptydepe at the end of The Memorandum.[7]

Example

From Scene 11:
PERINA: Of course. In Chorukor, Monday is ilopagar, Tuesday ilopager, Wednesday ilopagur, Thursday ilopagir, Friday ilopageur, Saturday ilopagoor. How do you think Sunday is in Chorukor? Hmm?
(Only Kalous moves) So Kalous!
KALOUS: (standing up) Ilopagor. (he sits down)
PERINA: Correct, Kalous! Good point! Isn't it easy?[8][9]

gollark: Doing so.
gollark: It says I have 4140 MiB "available".
gollark: I have a tab suspension extension.
gollark: Ones I'm not using don't have stuff loaded into memory anyway.
gollark: Denied.

References
  1. http://www.theater61press.com/essays/memo-essay-havel.html
  2. http://www.theater61press.com/books-2/the-havel-collection/the-memo.html
  3. "Why don't more British theatres put on Václav Havel's plays?". The Independent. 2011-12-20. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
  4. Václav Havel. Hry. Praha: Lidové noviny, 1992. 56.
  5. Havel, Vaclav: The Memorandum. Translated from the Czech by Vera Blackwell. Grove Weidenfeld, New York, 1980.
  6. Havel, Vaclav: The Memo. Translated from the Czech by Paul Wilson. Theater 61 Press, New York, 2012.
  7. Gabrielle H. Cody, Evert Sprinchorn, The Columbia encyclopedia of modern drama, Volume 2,Columbia University Press, 2007
  8. Czech version. 11. obraz :
    PERINA: Samozřejmě. Pondělí se v chorukoru řekne ilopagar, úterý ilopager, středa ilopagur, čtvrtek ilopagir, pátek ilopageur, sobota ilopagoor. Jak myslíte, že se řekne neděle? No?
    (Hlásí se jediný Kalous) Tak Kalous!
    KALOUS: (vstane) Ilopagor. (Usedne)
    PERINA: Správně, Kalous! Máte jedničku! Že to je velmi lehké?
  9. HAVEL, Václav, Vyrozumění, Hra o dvanácti obrazech, Praha, 1965

See also
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