Terence James Elkins

Terence James Elkins (born 8 March 1936) is an Australian-born American physicist. In 1960, he participated in an expedition from Mawson Station which conducted the first geological surveys of the Napier Mountains in Antarctica. The highest of this group of mountains, Mount Elkins, was subsequently named after him.[1][2] In 1979, he received the Harold Brown Award, the Air Force's highest honour for research and development, for research he conducted that contributed to the development of the AN/FPS-118 over-the-horizon backscatter (OTH-B) air defence radar system.[3] This system, consisting of six one-megawatt transmitters and their associated horizontal linear phased array antennas, is currently the largest radar system in the world.[4][5]

Terence James Elkins
Terence James Elkins, 1976
Born8 March 1936 (1936-03-08) (age 84)
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
CitizenshipUSA
Alma materUniversity of Melbourne
Boston University
Known forFirst ascent of Mount Elkins
AwardsHarold Brown Award, 1979
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
Astronomy
InstitutionsAir Force Cambridge Research Laboratory
Rome Air Development Center
Mitre Corporation

Education

Elkins earned his Bachelor of Electrical Engineering degree from University of Melbourne in 1957. He earned his master's degree in Physics and Astronomy from Boston University in 1967.[6] He earned his PhD from the same institution in 1970, publishing a thesis entitled Studies of Ionospheric Irregularity Using Radio Astronomical Techniques.[7][8]

Mawson Station (1960–1961)

After completion of his bachelor's degree, Elkins joined the ANARE team that wintered over at Mawson Station in Australian Antarctic Territory, East Antarctica in 1960.[9][10] The wintering party comprised 33 expeditioners including 12 members of the RAAF Antarctic Flight; the Officer-in-Charge was Hendrick Geysen. That year, Elkins was part of a mechanised and sledging field party that travelled from Mawson Station to the Napier Mountains in Enderby Land, East Antarctica. The men of this expedition, led by fellow Antarctic explorer Syd Kirkby, conducted the first geological surveys of that area of the continent. The highest of this small group of mountains, Mount Elkins, was subsequently named after Dr. Elkins.[1][2] Other survey teams that year visited the Framnes Mountains, conducted geological and survey work in the Prince Charles Mountains, and visited the Emperor penguin colonies at Taylor Glacier and Fold Island.[10]

ANARE has since been renamed the Australian Antarctic Program, managed by the Australian Antarctic Division, itself a division of the Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts.

Emigration to the United States and early career
coverage of ECRS and WCRS AN/FPS-118 over-the-horizon backscatter (OTH-B) radar systems.

Elkins emigrated from his native Australia to the United States in 1963, at the height of the Space Race, after being recruited by the scientific research program of the United States Air Force. Beginning in the early 1960s, he conducted research focused mainly on the upper atmosphere and ionosphere, and improvements to ground, airborne, and space-based surveillance and reconnaissance systems, including over-the-horizon radar systems.

In addition to his work at Hanscom Air Force Base, much of his early research was also conducted at Sagamore Hill Radio Observatory, a ground-based solar observatory located in Hamilton, Massachusetts. Sagamore Hill Solar Radio Observatory is a functional component of the Radio Solar Telescope Network (RSTN).

In 1980, he developed and published an auroral echo-scattering model to predict the obscuration of targets when the radar transmission path is through the auroral region.[11][12]

Development of the over-the-horizon air defence radar system

Elkins was part of a team of Rome Air Development Center (RADC) engineers that developed and constructed components for frequency modulation/continuous wave (FM/CW) radars capable of detecting and tracking objects at over-the-horizon ranges. A prototype radar was installed and evaluated on 15 September 1970. The system incorporated a Beverage array receive antenna (located at Columbia Air Force Station), a high-power transmitter array (located at Moscow Air Force Station), and an operations center (located at Bangor Airport). This prototype became operational on 30 October of that year. Experimental transmissions from the Maine site covered a 60° sector from 16.5° to 76.5° azimuth and from 900 to 3,300 km in range from the radar.

Based on the success of these early experiments, the Department of Defense proposed to deploy a fully operational radar system. This radar system, covering 180° in azimuth, was built at the same locations in Maine. Initial testing was conducted from June 1980 to June 1981. GE Aerospace (now Lockheed Martin Ocean, Radar and Sensor Systems) received a contract in mid-1982 for full-scale development of the AN/FPS-118 program.[13]

The operational system consisted of multiple OTH-B radars functioning as an early warning system, to detect incoming enemy bombers and cruise missiles. The system, as initially envisioned, was to consist of four sectors:

Only months after the system became fully operational, the Cold War came to an end. The military requirement for the OTH-B radar network was therefore greatly diminished. The mission of the ECRS radar system was redirected to counter-narcotics surveillance and drug interdiction, and the ECRS operated in this capacity for several years. The three OTH radars of the WCRS were mothballed, and the incomplete North Sector in Alaska was cancelled.[4]

The Air Force currently maintains the six East Coast and West Coast OTH-B radars in a state called warm storage, which preserves the physical and electrical integrity of the system and permits recall, should a need arise. It would require at least 24 months to bring these first generation OTH-B radars into an operational status.[4]

Later career

Dr. Elkins spent much of his career at Hanscom Air Force Base in Bedford, Massachusetts, where he conducted research at several of the tenant commands, including the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (AFCRL) and the Geophysics Laboratory. He also conducted research at the Rome Air Development Center, located at Griffiss Air Force Base in Rome, New York. The Geophysics Laboratory is now known as the Phillips Laboratory, while the Rome Air Development Center is now known as the Rome Laboratory. Both research laboratories operate under the Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC).

Over the course of a career that spanned nearly five decades, Dr. Elkins' research focused on development and deployment of electronic systems for the gathering and dissemination of military intelligence, including command, control and communications, satellite imagery, electronic warfare, and systems for remote sensing of the environment from surface, airborne, space and undersea based platforms.

After more than 20 years in research and development for the United States Air Force, he joined the Mitre Corporation in McLean, Virginia, where he continued his research for another 25 years. The majority of his work at MITRE was for the Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence (C3I) Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC) supporting the United States Department of Defense.

Awards and recognition

Elkins was the recipient of the 1979 Harold Brown Award. The Harold Brown Award is the Air Force's highest honour for research and development.

Publications

Elkins has published many scientific journal articles, including:

  • Ionospheric effects associated with nuclear weapon tests, July–December 1962: a scientific report, by Terence J. Elkins & Alv Egeland (Kiruna Geophysical Observatory, 63:2, 1 MAR 1963).
  • Influence of solar protons on high-latitude ionospheric disturbance, by Terence J. Elkins (Radio Sci., 1: 1195–1200, OCT 1966).
  • Frequency dependence of radio star scintillations, by J. Aarons, R.S. Allen, and T.J. Elkins (Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 72, Issue 11, Pages 2891–2902, 1 JUN 1967).
  • Measurement and interpretation of power spectrums of ionospheric scintillation at a sub-auroral location, by Terence J. Elkins and Michael D. Papagiannis (Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 74, Pages 4105–4115, 1 AUG 1969).
  • Observations of travelling ionospheric disturbances using stationary satellites, by T.J. Elkins and F.F. Slack (Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, Volume 31, Issue 3, Pages 421–439, MAR 1969).
  • Dispersive motions of ionospheric irregularities, by Michael D. Papagiannis and Terence J. Elkins (Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, Volume 32, Issue 3, Pages 383–395, MAR 1970).
  • D.L. Evans; P.M. Kalaghan; J. Short; W. Swider; W. Pfister; J. Buchau; G.J. Gassmann; T.J. Elkins; R.A. Wagner; C.P. Pike (5 February 1971). "Ionospheric and tropospheric limitations to radar accuracy". Air Force Surveys in Geophysics. 231.
  • Terence J. Elkins (18 July 1972). A model of auroral substorm absorption (AFCRL Technical Report). L.G. Hanscom Field, Massachusetts: Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Air Force Systems Command, United States Air Force. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  • Terence J. Elkins (23 May 1973). "An empirical model of the polar ionosphere (AFCRL-TR-73-0331)". Air Force Surveys in Geophysics. 267. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  • Terence J. Elkins; Charles M. Rush (23 May 1973). "A statistical predictive model of the polar ionosphere". Air Force Surveys in Geophysics. 267: 1–100.
  • Terence J. Elkins (16 September 1974). An analysis of polar cap backscatter radar data. L.G. Hanscom Field, Massachusetts: Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Air Force Systems Command, United States Air Force. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  • Terence J. Elkins; Joseph Gibbs (May 1977). Coordinate conversion technique for OTH backscatter radar (RADC-TR-77). Rome, New York: Rome Air Development Center. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  • Terence J. Elkins (March 1980). A model for high frequency radar auroral clutter (RADC-TR-80). Rome, New York: Rome Air Development Center. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  • Terence J. Elkins; Kurt Toman; Gary S. Sales (December 1980). Theoretical and experimental studies of HF ducted propagation (RADC-TR-80). Rome, New York: Rome Air Development Center. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  • J. Providakes; T.J. Elkins; R.B. Godwin; M.C. Kelley (December 1991). An OTH radar clutter simulation (PDF). Bedford, Massachusetts: The MITRE Corporation. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
gollark: I have some graphs by subject area from a UK report on this.
gollark: You can do that, but on average *people with degrees get more total money*, by a few hundred kilo£ .
gollark: You do not need it to be GOOD, in many cases. You need it for signalling.
gollark: They are government-funded. They just also charge students.
gollark: ... no?

References
  1. Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) of the United States Geological Survey: Mount Elkins. Accessed 03-28-2010.
  2. Australian Antarctic Gazetteer of the Australian Antarctic Data Centre: Mount Elkins. Accessed 03-28-2010.
  3. T.J. Elkins; J. Providakes (December 1991). HFRAD Hindcast: An OTH-B Radar and Model Comparison Study (PDF). Bedford, Massachusetts: The MITRE Corporation. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  4. GlobalSecurity.org: AN/FPS-118 Over-The-Horizon-Backscatter (OTH-B) Radar. Accessed 03-28-2010.
  5. Federation of American Scientists: AN/FPS-118 Over-The-Horizon-Backscatter (OTH-B) Radar. Accessed 03-28-2010.
  6. Astronomy Department, Boston University: Masters Awards Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 03-28-2010.
  7. Astronomy Department, Boston University: Doctorate Awards Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 03-28-2010.
  8. Terence James Elkins (1970). "Studies of Ionospheric Irregularity Using Radio Astronomical Techniques". Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume 31-06, Section B. Boston, Massachusetts: Boston University Graduate School. p. 3130. Bibcode:1970PhDT.........1E.
  9. ANARE Expeditioners 1948–1997. Accessed 03-28-2010.
  10. Australian Antarctic Data Centre: Mawson Station: Wintering party 1960. Accessed 03-28-2010.
  11. Terence J. Elkins (March 1980). A model for high frequency radar auroral clutter (RADC-TR-80). Rome, New York: Rome Air Development Center Technical Report. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  12. James M. Headrick; Stuart J. Anderson (January 2008). "Chapter 20, HF Over-the-Horizon Radar". In Merrill I. Skolnik (ed.). Radar Handbook (3 ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. p. 20.40. Archived from the original on 6 April 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  13. GlobalSecurity.org: Moscow Air Force Station

Further reading
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