Atayal people

The Atayal (Chinese: 泰雅; pinyin: Tàiyǎ), also known as the Tayal and the Tayan,[1] are a Taiwanese indigenous people. The Atayal people numbered around 90,000, approximately 15.9% of Taiwan's total indigenous population, making them the third-largest indigenous group.[2][3] The preferred endonym is "Tayal", although the Taiwanese government officially recognizes them as "Atayal".

"Tayan" redirects here. For the town in Kyrgyzstan, see Tayan, Kyrgyzstan.
Atayal people
Tayal, Tayan
Photograph of Atayal warrior taken in the 1900s
Total population
92,306 (2020)
Regions with significant populations
Taiwan
Languages
Atayal, Mandarin, Taiwanese Hokkien, Yilan Creole Japanese
Religion
Animism, Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Seediq, Truku, Kavalan, Taiwanese Aborigines

Etymology

The Atayal word for Atayal is tayal, meaning "human" or "man".[4]

Origins
1901 map of Taiwan, with "Atayal Group" marked.

The first record of Atayal inhabitance is found near the upper reaches of the Zhuoshui River. During the late 17th century, they crossed the Central Mountain Ranges into the wilderness of the east. They then settled in the Liwu River valley. Seventy-nine Atayal villages can be found here.

Genetics

Taiwan is home of a number of Austronesian indigenous groups since before 4,000 BC.[5] However, genetic analysis suggests that the different peoples may have different ancestral source populations originating in mainland Asia, and developed in isolation from each other. The Atayal people are believed to have migrated to Taiwan from Southern China or Southeast Asia.[6] Genetic studies have also found similarities between the Atayal and other people in the Philippines and Thailand, and to a lesser extent with south China and Vietnam.[7] The Atayal are genetically distinct from the Amis people who are the largest indigenous group in Taiwan, as well as from the Han people, suggesting little mingling between these people.[8] Studies on Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphisms suggest ancient migrations of two lineages of the various peoples into Taiwan approximately 11,000-26,000 years ago.[9]

Recent DNA studies show that the Lapita people and modern Polynesians have a common ancestry with the Atayal and the Kankanaey people of the northern Philippines.[10]

The Atayal are visibly different from the Han Chinese of Taiwan.[11] Intermarriage with Chinese also produced a significant number of Atayal-Chinese mixed offspring and celebrities such as Vivian Hsu, Vic Zhou, Yuming Lai, Kao Chin Su-mei.

Folklore

According to stories told by their elders, the first Atayal ancestors appeared when a stone, Pinspkan, cracked apart. There were three people, but one decided to go back into the stone. One man and one woman who lived together for a very long time and loved each other very much. But the boy was shy and wouldn't dare approach her. Whereupon, the girl came up with an idea. She left her home and found some coal with which to blacken her face so she could pose as a different girl.

After several days, she crept back into their home and the boy mistook her for another girl and they lived happily ever after. Not long after, the couple bore children, fulfilling their mission of procreating the next generation. The Atayal custom of face tattooing may have come from the girl blackening her face in the story.

Culture

Lifestyle
Traditional Atayal houses.

The Atayal people have a well-developed culture. They originally lived by fishing, hunting, gathering, and growing crops on burned-off mountain fields. Atayal also practice crafts such as weaving, net knotting, and woodworking. They also have traditional musical instruments and dances.

The Atayal are known as skilled warriors. In a practice illegal since the Japanese Colonial Era (1895 –1945), to earn his facial tattoo a man had to bring back at least one human head; these heads, or skulls, were highly honored, given food and drink, and expected to bring good harvests to the fields. (See Headhunting.) The Atayal were known to be fierce fighters as observed in the case of the Wushe Incident, in which the Atayal participated in an uprising against colonial Japanese forces.

Lalaw Behuw is a weapon used by the Atayals.[12][13] Traditional Aboriginal weapons have featured in movies.[14][15][16][17]

Traditional dress
Atayal dress designs.

The Atayal are proficient weavers, incorporating symbolic patterns and designs on their traditional dress. The features are mainly of geometric style, and the colors are bright and dazzling. Most of the designs are argyles and horizontal lines. In Atayal culture, the horizontal lines represent the rainbow bridge which leads the dead to where the ancestors' spirits live. Argyles, on the other hand, represent ancestors' eyes protecting the Atayal. The favorite color of this culture is red because it represents blood and power.

Facial tattoos
Two elder Atayal women with facial tattoos as a symbol of maturity, which was a tradition for both males and females. The custom was banned during Japanese rule.

The Atayal people are also known for using facial tattooing and teeth filing in coming-of-age initiation rituals. The facial tattoo, in Squliq Tayal, is called ptasan. In the past both men and women had to show that they had performed a major task associated with an adult before their faces could be tattooed. For a man, he had to take the head of an enemy, showing his valor as a hunter to protect and provide for his people, while women had to be able to weave cloth. A girl would learn to weave when she was about ten or twelve, and she had to master the skill in order to earn her tattoo. Only those with tattoos could marry, and, after death, only those with tattoos could cross the hongu utux, or spirit bridge (the rainbow) to the hereafter.

Male tattooing is relatively simple, with only two bands down the forehead and chin. Once a male came of age he would have his forehead tattooed; after fathering a child, his bottom chin was tattooed. For the female, tattooing was done on the cheek, typically from the ears across both cheeks to the lips forming a V shape. While tattooing on a man is relatively quick, on a female it may take up to ten hours.[6]

Tattooing was performed only by female tattooists. The tattooing was performed using a group of needles lashed to a stick called atok tapped into the skin using a hammer called totsin. Black ash would then be rubbed into the skin to create the tattoo. Healing could take up to a month.[6]

The Japanese banned the practice of tattooing in 1930 because of its association with headhunting. With the introduction of Christianity, the practice declined, and tattoos are now only seen on the elderly. However, some young people in recent years have attempted to revive the practice.[6] By 2018 only one tattooed elder survived, Lawa Piheg, who was tattooed when she was 8.[18] Lawa Piheg died on 14 September 2019.[19][20]

Atayal in modern times
A map showing the distribution of the two major dialect groups of the Atayal language. The Atayal people reside in central and northern Taiwan, along the Hsuehshan mountains.

The Atayal people in Taiwan live in central and northern Taiwan. The northernmost village is in Ulay District (Wulai in Chinese), about 25 kilometers south of Taipei. The community of Smangus in Jianshi Township had become well known as a tourist destination, and an experiment in communalism.[21]

Many Atayal are bilingual, but the Atayal language still remains in active use.

Notable Atayal people
gollark: I may or may not only be supporting this semiironically.
gollark: !!demote☭palaiologos☭readd☭epicbot!!
gollark: Would I really reboot my computer just to fake some timestamps? *Really*?
gollark: And it would probably require rebooting.
gollark: I set it once on install and do not want to change it since it seems annoying.

See also

References
  1. Atayal Archived 2012-08-13 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Museum of Taiwan Indigenous Peoples.
  2. Hsieh Chia-chen & Jeffrey Wu (February 15, 2014). "Amis remains Taiwan's biggest aboriginal tribe at 37.1% of total". Focus Taiwan.
  3. Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (DGBAS). National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan). Preliminary statistical analysis report of 2000 Population and Housing Census Archived 2007-03-12 at the Wayback Machine. Excerpted from Table 28:Indigenous population distribution in Taiwan-Fukien Area. Accessed PM 8/30/06
  4. Council of Indigenous Peoples. "原住民族語言線上詞典 - 原住民族委員會" (in Chinese). Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  5. Ruhlen, Merritt (1994). The origin of language: tracing the origin of the mother tongue. Wiley, New York. pp. 177–180.
  6. Margo DeMello (30 May 2014). Inked: Tattoos and Body Art around the World. ABC-CLIO. pp. 34–36. ISBN 978-1610690751.
  7. Chen KH, Cann H, Chen TC, Van West B, Cavalli-Sforza L (1985). "Genetic markers of an aboriginal Taiwanese population". Am J Phys Anthropol. 66 (3): 327–337. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330660310. PMID 3857010.
  8. Rachel A. Chow; Jose L. Caeiro; Shu-Juo Chen; Ralph L. Garcia-Bertrand; Rene J. Herrera (2005). "Genetic characterization of four Austronesian-speaking populations" (PDF). Journal of Human Genetics. 50 (11): 550–559. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0294-0. PMID 16208426.
  9. Tajima A, Sun CS, Pan IH, Ishida T, Saitou N, Horai S (2003). "Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in nine aboriginal groups of Taiwan: implications for the population history of aboriginal Taiwanese". Human Genetics. 113 (1): 24–33. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-0945-1. PMID 12687351.
  10. Gibbons, Ann (3 October 2016). "'Game-changing' study suggests first Polynesians voyaged all the way from East Asia". Science. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  11. Dudding, Adam (15 March 2015). "New Zealand's long-lost Taiwanese cuzzies". Stuff Destinations. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  12. 鄭光博. "大嵙崁溪流域泰雅族 Lmuhuw 文本分析" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2016."Chapter 4" (PDF). p. 8.
    "雅美語". 原住民族委員會.
    "番刀".
  13. "銅門山刀街 百年錘鍊". Apple Daily (in Chinese). May 10, 2007.
  14. "'Seediq Bale': Taiwan's Biggest Movie". Archived from the original on 2016-09-13. Retrieved 2016-08-25.
  15. Foreman, Bruce (November 23, 2011). "'Seediq Bale': Taiwan's biggest movie sparks indigenous tourism". CNN.
  16. "Nativization and Foreignization in the Translation of "Seediq Bale"". December 31, 2011.
  17. "Fantasia 2012 Wrap: All Our Reviews, More Awards, & a Special Message from RESOLUTION Filmmakers".
  18. "My face was tattooed when I was eight". BBC News. 25 September 2018. Interview with last tattooed person, with historical photographs of instruments, tattooed people, etc.
  19. Lu, Kang-chun; Kuan, Jui-pin; Chung, Yu-chen. "Last Atayal woman with facial tattoos dies at 97". Central News Agency. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  20. Tsai, Chang-sheng; Chung, Jake (15 September 2019). "Last Atayal with a traditional tattoo dies". Taipei Times. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  21. "Returning to the land of the ancestors." Taipei Times, Aug 10 2003. Accessed 10/21/06.
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