Taprobana

Taprobana (Ancient Greek: Ταπροβανᾶ) and Taprobane (Ταπροβανῆ, Ταπροβάνη[1]) was the name by which the Indian Ocean island of Sri Lanka was known to the ancient Greeks.

This article is about Taprobana, the legendary island. For Taprobane Island, home of the Count de Mauny, now a resort, see Taprobane Island.
Ptolemy's Taprobane
Ptolemy's Taprobana as published in Cosmographia Claudii Ptolomaei Alexandrini, 1535

History

Reports of the island's existence were known before the time of Alexander the Great as inferred from Pliny. The treatise De Mundo (supposedly by Aristotle (died 322 BC) but according to others by Chrysippus the Stoic (280 to 208 BC) incorrectly states that the island is as large as Great Britain (in fact, it is only about one third as big). The name was first reported to Europeans by the Greek geographer Megasthenes around 290 BC. Herodotus (444 BC) does not mention the island. The first Geography in which it appears is that of Eratosthenes (276 to 196 BC) and was later adopted by Ptolemy (139 AD) in his geographical treatise to identify a relatively large island south of continental Asia.[2]

Taprobana is most likely to be the Greek rendition of Thamirabarani from the era of Agastya and the early Pandyan kingdom which was also the name of the river and region around the present-day Thamirabarani River of Tirunelveli, in Tamil Nadu in India.[3][4][5][6][7][8] G.U.Pope, in his book "Textbook of Indian History", claims the name to be derived from Dipu-Ravana, meaning the island of Ravana. [9]

Stephanus of Byzantium writes that a metropolis of the island was called Argyra (Ancient Greek: Ἀργυρᾶ).[10] and that also there was a river which was called Phasis (Ancient Greek: Φᾶσις).[11]

For some time, the exact place to which the name referred remained uncertain. The likely possibilities included:

The identity of Ptolemy's Taprobane has been a source of confusion, but it appeared to be the present day Sri Lanka on the medieval maps of Abu-Rehan (1030) and Edrisi (1154) and in the writing of Marco Polo (1292).[12]. Furthermore, some of the place names marked on the map can be identified with Nainativu, Manthai, Trincomalee and Anuradhapura, an ancient capital of Sri Lanka. However, on the maps of the Middle Ages, the fashion of using Latinised names and delineating places with fanciful figures contributed to absurd designs and confusion regarding the island and Sumatra. In the fifteenth century, Niccolò de' Conti mistakenly identified Taprobana with a much smaller island.[13] Taprobana/Ceylon/Sri Lanka is marked in the 1507 Martin Waldseemuller map.[14]

The question of whether the Taprobana shown on Ptolemy's map was Sri Lanka or Sumatra resurfaced with the display of Sebastian Munster’s 1580 map of Taprobana, carrying the German title, Sumatra Ein Grosser Insel, meaning, "Sumatra, a large island". The original debate had been settled earlier in favor of Sri Lanka, but Munster’s map reopened it. Ptolemy's map had been lost since the time of its production around the 2nd century AD. However, copies were rediscovered in the Middle East around 1400 AD. By that time, the Portuguese had made their way into Asia. They had knowledge of both Sri Lanka (then Ceylan) and Sumatra from at least 80 years before. Munster’s map was based on Ptolemy’s map, so Munster apparently based his identification of Taprobane with Sumatra on 16th century knowledge.

Taprobana is mentioned in the first strophe of the Portuguese epic poem Os Lusíadas by Luís de Camões (c. 1524 – 10 June 1580).

As armas e os barões assinalados,
Que da ocidental praia Lusitana,
Por mares nunca de antes navegados,
Passaram ainda além da Taprobana,
Em perigos e guerras esforçados,
Mais do que prometia a força humana,
E entre gente remota edificaram

Novo Reino, que tanto sublimaram

In literary works, Taprobana was mentioned in Tommaso Campanella's The City of the Sun, written in 1602.[15] Jorge Luis Borges mentions the island in the story The Lottery in Babylon in the collection The Garden of Forking Paths (1941) of his book Fictions (1944).[16] Toprobana is the fictional location of the sky elevator in Arthur C. Clarke's science fiction novel The Fountains of Paradise (1979). British rock band My Vitriol's 2001 debut album Finelines features a track called Taprobane, courtesy of the band's lead singer Som Wardner who is of Sri Lankan origin.

gollark: It's not hard, just```lualocal env = setmetatable({ fs = harborFS}, __index = _ENV)load(code, "@filename", "t", env)```or so.
gollark: Urn, that programming language.
gollark: urN, I mean.
gollark: Is that URN?!
gollark: Ah, like the potatOS sandbox.

See also

References
  1. Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, §T602.16
  2. Suárez, Thomas. Early Mapping of Southeast Asia. Periplus Editions. p. 100. ISBN 962-593-470-7.
  3. K. Sivasubramaniam - 2009. Fisheries in Sri Lanka: anthropological and biological aspects, Volume 1. "It is considered most probable that the name was borrowed by the Greeks, from the Tamil 'Tamraparni' for which the Pali...to Ceylon, by the Tamil immigrants from Tinnelvely district through which ran the river called to this date, Tamaravarani"
  4. Leelananda Prematilleka, Sudharshan Seneviatne - 1990: Perspectives in archaeology: "The names Tambapanni and Tamra- parni are in fact the Prakrit and Sanskrit rendering of Tamil Tan porunai"
  5. John R. Marr - 1985 The Eight Anthologies: A Study in Early Tamil Literature. Ettukai. Institute of Asian Studies
  6. The Maha Bodhi (1983) - Volume 91 - Page 16
  7. Sakti Kali Basu (2004). Development of Iconography in Pre-Gupta Vaṅga - Page 31
  8. Caldwell, Robert (1856). A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Or South-Indian Family of Languages. Bavaria: Harrison. pp. 80-83.
  9. Pope, G.U. A Textbook of Indian History (PDF). p. 29.
  10. Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, §A115.1
  11. Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, § Ph660.2
  12. Suckling, HJ(1876) Ceylon: A General Description of the Island, Historical, Physical, Statistical, Volume I. Chapman & Hall, London.
  13. R. H. Major, ed. (1857). India in the fifteenth century. p. xlii.
  14. "Library Acquires Copy of 1507 Waldseemüller World Map - News Releases (Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2016-05-16.
  15. Campanella, Tommaso. "The City of the Sun - Poetical Dialogue between a Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitallers and a Genoese Sea-Captain, his guest". Project Gutenberg. Translated by Henry Morley. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
  16. Borges, Jorge Luis (1999). Collected Fictions. Translated by Andrew Hurley. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-028680-2.

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