Tagaung, Mandalay

Tagaung is a town in Mandalay Region of Myanmar (Burma). It is situated on the east bank of the Ayeyarwady River, 127 miles north of Mandalay.[1]

Tagaung
Town
Tagaung
Location of Mandalay, Burma
Coordinates: 23°30′N 96°2′E
Country Myanmar
Region Mandalay
TownshipThabeikkyin Township
Population
 (2005)
 • Ethnicities
Bamar
 • Religions
Buddhism
Time zoneUTC+6.30 (MST)

Etymology

"Tagaung" derives from the Shan language term "Takawng" (Shan: တႃႈၵွင်; /taa3 kɔŋ1/), which means "drum ferry."[2]

Transport

The Ayeyarwady remains the principal means to reach Tagaung. It is linked to Mandalay and to Kachin State in the north also by the Mandalay-Tagaung-Shwegu-Bhamo-Myitkyina Union Highway.[3]

History

Pre-Christian era and first millennium
Main article: Tagaung Kingdom

The 19th-century chronicle Hmannan Yazawin introduces Tagaung as the very first capital of Burma, along with the adage Myanmar asa Tagaung ga (Myanmar starts from Tagaung), and it was the ancient capital of the Pyu, who were the forerunners of the Burmese people.[4] Its history is steeped in myth and legend. The city is said to have been founded in 850 BC by King Abhiraja of the Sakya clan from Kapilavastu in India, before the time of the Buddha.[5]

It has a very important place in Burmese culture also for the Tagaung Yazawin (Tagaung Chronicle) legends of Maung Pauk Kyaing the dragon slayer, the powerful blacksmith and his sister who became the household guardian spirits known as the Mahagiri Nats, and the blind twin princes who were sent adrift on a raft down the Ayeyarwady.[4][5][6][7]

Although the British historians G E Harvey and D G E Hall had dismissed the Abhiraja origin of the Burmese people, the antiquity of Tagaung itself is not in dispute.[5][8] Ptolemy, the Greek geographer, writing in 140 AD, mentions Tugma Metropolis believed to be Tagaung at a spot in Upper Burma.[5][9]

The name Tagaung means "drum ferry" in the Shan language.[4][5][10] In 225 AD, the Shu general Chu Ko-liang is said to have used bronze drums to frighten 'savages' by placing them in torrents to produce the sound of military watchdrums at regular intervals.[4]

According to Chinese annals, Nanchao invaded and plundered the capital of a Pyu kingdom in 832 AD carrying off 3,000 captives. The chronicles of the Tang Dynasty(AD 606-910) describe the land of the Pyu consisting of 18 states and 9 walled towns. In Upper Burma at least seven walled settlements over 200 hectares have been excavated so far.[7]

Second millennium

Tagaung has been termed Anya Pagan (Upper Bagan) with its artefacts dating back to the Neolithic Age.[11] It was one of the 43 outposts established by King Anawrahta (1044–1077) of Bagan along the eastern foothills of the Shan plateau in defense of his realm, before he embarked on military expeditions west to Bengal and east to Nanchao.[5] The fortification to the east may reflect the city's location by the Ayeyarwady like Bagan but unlike Bagan its proximity to the frontier with Yunnan along the Shweli and Taping rivers. Tagaung was also within easy reach of miineral resources such as silver from Namtu, rubies from Mogok, jade, copper and iron by the Meza and Uru rivers.[12]

Marco Polo (1254–1324) was believed to have reached as far as Tagaung in his travels on one of his fact-finding missions sent by Kublai Khan.[13]

south-west Silk Road

A network of three overland routes from Yunnan westward to Bengal existed for shipping bullion between 1200 and 1500 AD. One of them followed the Shweli River, crossing the Irrawaddy at Tagaung, followed the Chindwin River north and crossed via the Imphal pass to Manipur. In the 1950s tens of thousands of cowries in Yunnan were found in tombs from the ancient past between the Warring States period (475 BCE–221 BCE) and the Western Han Dynasty (206 BCE–9 CE). These cowries came from the Pacific and Indian oceans, especially from the Maldives, most likely along the same route.[14]

Old city

Old Tagaung may have conformed to the tradition of first millennium Pyu cities which were divided into 9 quadrants. There are 3 walls: Wall 1 (19 hectares) around a low hillock on the north, Wall 2 (62 hectares) known as Anya Bagan, and Wall 3 (204 hectares) encompassing the other two. The western wall is missing in all three of them, and believed to have been washed away by the river as it changed its course over time. Archaeological excavations carried out at Tagaung had yielded Bronze Age drums, and also votive tablets connected to Anawrahta. More recent finds included urns, decorated roof-tile finials and finger-marked 'Pyu' bricks dated before 800 AD.[4][7][12]

Flora and fauna

Pheasants, partridge, toucans, pelicans and Sarus cranes inhabit around in-gyi seasonal lake and the tall swamp grass areas along with numerous fish in the lakes and streams. Tigers, elephants, banteng (Saing) and gaur were once common along the Shweli, with various kinds of deer around Tagaung.[12]

Economy

Timber, elephants and minerals were transported down from Mogok and the Shweli valley to Tagaung and other nearby river ports at Hsin Hnyat and Kyan Hnyat just south of Tagaung. Panning for gold ia done at Tonnge just north of Tagaung. Seasonal lakes and swamps make it possible to grow winter rice called mayin in addition to other crops producing edible oils and coriander.[12]

Today Tagaung is a major market for salt produced at Halin, which is used to preserve fish.[7][11]

China and Burma signed a joint venture agreement in July 2007 for an $800 million nickel mining project at Tagaung taung (Tagaung Hill), with a 75% stake held by the Chinese. Construction has begun and operations consisting of mining and smelting facilities, designed to produce 85,000 tons of ferronickel and 22,000 tons of nickel per annum, are scheduled to start in 2011.[15]

Notes
  1. "Tagaung - Lost cities of Myanmar". MyanmarTravelInformation.com. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
  2. Tun, Than (1988). "Observations on the Translation and Annotation of the Royal Orders Of Burma". Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 4 (1): 91–99. JSTOR 40860260.
  3. "New Shweli River Bridge Opened". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. March 14, 2003. Archived from the original on February 3, 2006. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
  4. Moore, Elizabeth (8–9 December 2007). "Buddhist archaeology on the Shan Plateau: the first millennium AD" (PDF). SOAS. pp. 3–4, 2, 14. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
  5. Harvey, G E (2000). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. Asian Educational Services, 2000. pp. 307, 15–16, 29–30, 9–10. ISBN 978-81-206-1365-2. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
  6. Spiro, Melford E (1996). Burmese Spiritualism. Transaction Publishers. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-56000-882-8. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
  7. Hudson, Bob. "Origins of Bagan" (PDF). pp. 34, 150, 146, 174, 177. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
  8. Hall, D.G.E. (1960). Burma. Hutchinson University Library. p. 7. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
  9. Thomson, James Oliver (1948). History of ancient geography. Biblo & Tannen Publishers, 1965. p. 315. ISBN 978-0-8196-0143-8. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
  10. Sao Sukham. "Buddhism and Tai people". Ceylon Journey. Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
  11. Ian Glover, Peter Bellwood (2004). From Prehistory to History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-29777-6. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
  12. Elizabeth Moore & U Win Maung (Tampawaddy) (Autumn 2006). "Change in the Landscape of First Millennium AD Myanmar" (PDF). SOAS. pp. 14, 16, 12, 17. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
  13. "Marco Polo: Sojourn in China". Encyclopædia Britannica online. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
  14. Bin Yang. "The south-west Silk Road: Yunnan in a Global Context". Gutenberg-e, Columbia University Press, 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
  15. "China moves on Burma and rescues foundering Kenya project". MAC: Mines and Communities. 04-08-2008. Retrieved 2009-03-08. Check date values in: |date= (help)
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