TWISTEX

TWISTEX (a backronym for Tactical Weather-Instrumented Sampling in/near Tornadoes Experiment) was a tornado research experiment that was founded and led by Tim Samaras of Bennett, Colorado, US. The experiment announced in 2015 that there were some plans for future operations, but no additional information has been announced since.[1]

The TWISTEX crew and the vehicles on equipped with mobile mesonets.

Background

The project normally runs from mid-April through the end of June with a domain that covers the Great Plains and portions of the Midwestern United States. The project is normally at full strength for most of May and June with four vehicles, all equipped with roof-mounted mobile mesonet weather stations. One of the vehicles transports an array of in situ thermodynamic and video probes. Due to graduate and upper-division undergraduate student participant availability, a reduced vehicle compliment consisting of the in situ probe deployment truck and one support mesonet station vehicle is used in the first few weeks of the project.

The objectives of this research are to better understand tornado generation, maintenance and decay processes and to gain insight and knowledge of the seldom sampled near-surface internal tornado environment. Progress on these research fronts is aimed toward increasing tornado warning lead time while the internal tornado near-surface sampling provides essential ground truth data for structural engineering analysis of the interaction of tornadic winds with homes and buildings.[2]

TWISTEX is one of the featured teams in seasons 3, 4 and 5 of Storm Chasers on the Discovery Channel.[3] The group has also been featured on National Geographic Channel's "Disaster Labs".

On May 31, 2013, Tim Samaras, his 24-year-old son Paul Samaras, and 45-year-old California native Carl Young lost their lives in the record wide EF3 multiple-vortex El Reno tornado.[4] They were unable to escape along gravel roads as the funnel rapidly expanded to envelop them. Their Chevrolet Cobalt was caught by a subvortex, and Paul and Carl were ejected from the car. Tim was buckled in the passenger's seat, and was killed as the car was thrown approximately half a mile by the storm. Hinton resident Richard Henderson, who decided to follow the twister, lost his life in that same area. He snapped a picture of the storm from his cellular phone before it struck him.[5] Several other storm chasers, including The Weather Channel's Mike Bettes, were also caught in the same sub-vortex but escaped with only minor injuries. Bettes and the Tornado Hunt crew were lifted up by the wedge tornado in their sport utility vehicle. That storm threw them two hundred yards off U.S. Route 81. The SUV was destroyed afterward.[6] Five other people who were not involved with storm chasing also lost their lives in this tornado.[7]

TWISTEX personnel
  • Tony Laubach; Mesonet Team Leader & Video Archival/Production, Meteorologist
  • Matt Grzych; Software & Systems Development, Atmospheric Scientist
  • Ed Grubb; Mobile Mesonet Navigator, Mechanical Guru
  • Dr. Bruce Lee; Mobile Mesonet Director, Atmospheric Scientist[8]
  • Dr. Cathy Finley; Mobile Mesonet Co-Director, Atmospheric Scientist[9]
  • Chris Karstens; Mesonet Team Leader & Software Development, ISU Atmospheric Sciences Ph.D. Student
  • Ben McMillan; Mobile Mesonet Driver, Team Medic

Students from the Atmospheric Sciences Department at Iowa State University rotate shifts into the mesonet vehicles during the project.

Former TWISTEX personnel

Killed by the EF3 tornado in El Reno, Oklahoma:

  • Tim Samaras; TWISTEX Director, scientist, engineer[10]
  • Paul Samaras; videographer
  • Carl Young; Probe Driver, meteorologist [11]

Tornado core sampling
The HITPR probe used to take in-situ tornado measurements.

Several hardened instruments will be deployed in paths of tornadoes to collect the following datasets:

The thermodynamic probes are called Hardened In-situ Tornado Pressure Recorders (HITPR). All of the hardened instrumentation can collect/store the datasets. Measurements are recorded at 10 samples/second, and stored on non-volatile flash cards.

TWISTEX will also have video probes that will provide visualization using 7 cameras each for a total of 14 cameras being deployed into the tornado core. Collectively the two camera probes will be used for photogrammetry purposes to visualize/measure tornado-driven debris and hydrometeors as well as for determining the tornado-relative location of the HITPRs.

New additional technologies will be used by deployment crew members to collect photogrammetric data from tornadoes as close as possible. One technique will be to record close tornado imagery using two digitally synchronized high-resolution high-speed cameras running at 500 frames per second for stereo photogrammetry techniques. This technique will provide excellent time resolution for velocity determination of low-level tornado core winds and lofted debris.

Tornado proximity environment sampling
Two of the TWISTEX mesonet vehicles, M1 and M2.

While there are abundant kinematic datasets gathered by mobile radar of the tornadic region of supercells, the number of quality mobile mesonet or sticknet thermodynamic datasets of the flow field proximate to the tornadic region, generally within the supercell rear-flank downdraft (RFD) outflow, are comparatively rare. Even rarer are mesonet datasets reaching within about 1.5 km of tornadoes and datasets sampling the thermodynamic evolution of the RFD outflow.

Each of the participating TWISTEX vehicles will have a mobile mesonet (MM) station mounted on the roof including the probe deployment truck. The mobile mesonet will be attempting to gather near-surface thermodynamic and kinematic data in as many quadrants of the RFD as possible. When coupled with the in-situ probe array data which represents another effective mesonet station, it is hoped to obtain thermodynamic and kinematic mapping that will describe characteristics of the flow reaching the tornado. Even if the hardened tornado probes do not take a direct hit, a peripheral tornado sampling is still very worthwhile.

TWISTEX publications

Participants of the TWISTEX research project have contributed to many publications.[12]

AMS Journal and Conference Papers
  • Karstens, C. D., W. A. Gallus, B. D. Lee, and C. A. Finley, 2013: Analysis of tornado-induced tree-fall using aerial photography from the Joplin, MO, and Tuscaloosa-Birmingham, AL, tornadoes of 2011. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., Early online release: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/JAMC-D-12-0206.1
  • Lee, B. D., C. A. Finley, and C. D. Karstens, 2012: The Bowdle, South Dakota, cyclic tornadic supercell of 22 May 2010: Surface analysis of rear-flank downdraft evolution and multiple internal surges. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 3419-3441. http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00351.1
  • Lee, B. D., C. A. Finley, and T. M. Samaras, 2011: Surface analysis near and within the Tipton, Kansas, tornado on 29 May 2008. Mon. Wea. Rev., 139, 370-386. http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2010MWR3454.1
  • Karstens, C. D., T. M. Samaras, B. D. Lee, W. A. Gallus, and C. A. Finley, 2010: Near-ground pressure and wind measurements in tornadoes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 2570-2588. http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2010MWR3201.1
  • Finley, C. A., B. D. Lee, M. Grzych, C. D. Karstens, and T. M. Samaras, 2010: Mobile mesonet observations of the rear-flank downdraft evolution associated with a violent tornado near Bowdle, SD on 22 May 2010. Electronic proceedings, 25th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, CO. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 8A.2. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/176132.pdf
  • Karstens, C. D., T. M. Samaras, W. A. Gallus, C. A. Finley, B. D. Lee 2010: Analysis of near-surface wind flow in close proximity to tornadoes. Electronic proceedings, 25th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, CO. Amer. Meteor. Soc., P10.11. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/176188.pdf
  • Lee, B. D., C. A. Finley, C. D. Karstens, and T. M. Samaras, 2010: Surface observations of the rear-flank downdraft evolution associated with the Aurora, NE tornado of 17 June 2009. Electronic proceedings, 25th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, CO. Amer. Meteor. Soc., P8.27. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/176133.pdf
  • Finley, C. A., and B. D. Lee, 2008: Mobile mesonet observations of an Intense RFD and multiple gust fronts in the May 23 Quinter, Kansas tornadic supercell during TWISTEX 2008. Electronic proceedings, 24th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Savannah, GA Amer. Meteor. Soc., P3.18. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/142133.pdf
  • Karstens, C. D., T. M. Samaras, A. Laubach, B. D. Lee, C. A. Finley, W. A. Gallus, F. L. Hann, 2008. TWISTEX 2008: In situ and mobile mesonet observations of tornadoes. Electronic proceedings, 24th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Savannah, GA Amer. Meteor. Soc., P3.11. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/141974.pdf
  • Lee, B.D., C. A. Finley, and T. M. Samaras, 2008: Thermodynamic and kinematic analysis near and within the Tipton, KS tornado on May 29 during TWISTEX 2008. Electronic proceedings, 24th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Savannah, GA Amer. Meteor. Soc., P3.13. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/142078.pdf
  • Grzych, M. L., B. D. Lee, and C. A. Finley, 2007: Thermodynamic analysis of supercell rear-flank downdrafts from Project ANSWERS. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 240-246. http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-pdf&doi=10.1175%2FMWR3288.1
  • Finley, C. A., and B. D. Lee, 2004: High resolution mobile mesonet observations of RFD surges in the June 9 Basset, Nebraska supercell during project answers 2003. Preprints, 22nd Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, CD-ROM, 11.3. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/82005.pdf
  • Lee, B. D., C. A. Finley, and P. Skinner, 2004: Thermodynamic and kinematic analysis of multiple RFD surges for the 24 June 2003 Manchester, South Dakota cyclic tornadic supercell during Project ANSWERS 2003. Preprints, 22nd Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 11.2. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/82000.pdf
  • Lee, J. J., T. M. Samaras, and C. R. Young, 2004: Pressure measurements at the ground in an F-4 tornado. 22nd Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, Amer, Meteor. Soc., CD_ROM, 15.3. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/81700.pdf
  • Samaras, T. M., 2004: A historical perspective of in-situ observations within tornado cores. Preprints, 22nd Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, Amer, Meteor. Soc., CD_ROM, P11.4. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/81153.pdf
  • Samaras, T.M., and J. J. Lee, 2004. Pressure measurements within a large tornado. Proc. 84th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting - Eighth Symposium on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land Surface, Seattle, WA., P4.9. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/74267.pdf
  • Wurman, J., and T. Samaras, 2004: Comparison of in-situ pressure and DOW Doppler winds in a tornado and RHI vertical slices through 4 tornadoes during 1996-2004. Extended Abstracts, 22nd Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 15.4, 1-14. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/82352.pdf
National Geographic (Book and articles about Samaras research)
American Society of Civil Engineers
  • Samaras, T. M., and J. J. Lee, 2006: Measuring tornado dynamics with in-situ instrumentation. Proceedings of the 2006 Structures Congress: 2006 Structural Engineering and Public Safety. St. Louis, Missouri, pp. 1–10, (doi 10.1061/40889(201)12). http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?0609031
ABC News (Article about Samaras research)

TWISTEX on television
Main article: List of Storm Chasers episodes

TWISTEX was featured in seasons 3, 4, and 5 of Discovery Channel's Storm Chasers.

gollark: Amazon Matrix.
gollark: Amazon Triangular Number
gollark: In the end, both are almost entirely wiped out, and the iArmies™ of Apple take over.
gollark: The vast drone armies of Amazon face off against Google's electronic warfare and data processing capability, as well as its vast army of brainwashed YouTube users.
gollark: One day Amazon is going to have ICBMs for some reason, and become a major military power.

References
  1. "Twistex's Facebook page". Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  2. twistex.org.
  3. Discovery Channel Online. Meet The Teams, TWISTEX, 2009-11-25
  4. Jake Carpenter; Catherine E. Shoichet. "'Unpredictable' storm in Oklahoma turned on three chasers". CNN. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  5. Clay, Nolan (June 3, 2013). "Oklahoma storms: Amateur storm chaser took photo of tornado that killed him". The Oklahoman. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
  6. "Weather Channel's Storm-Chasing SUV Destroyed by Tornado (Photo)". Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  7. News, U.S. "At least 16 dead after rain, twisters lash mid-US; storms head east". Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  8. twistex.org. TWISTEX Investigators, Dr. Bruce Lee, 2009-11-25.
  9. twistex.org. TWISTEX Investigators, Dr. Cathy Finley, 2009-11-25.
  10. "Error - Discovery". www.discovery.com. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  11. "Error - Discovery". www.discovery.com. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  12. twistex.org. Articles, 2009-11-25.
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