TPPTS

3,3′,3″-Phosphanetriyltris(benzenesulfonic acid) trisodium salt (abbreviated TPPTS when isolated and tppts as a ligand), is an organic compound that is also known as sodium triphenylphosphine trisulfonate. The compound has the formula P(C6H4SO3Na)3. This white microcrystalline solid is an unusual example of a water-soluble phosphine. Its complex with rhodium is used in the industrial production of butyraldehyde.[1]

TPPTS
Names
IUPAC name
Trisodium 3,3',3-phosphinetriyltribenzenesulfonate
Other names
  • Trisodium 3-bis(3-sulfonatophenyl)phosphanylbenzenesulfonate
  • 3,3′,3″-Phosphanetriyltris(benzenesulfonic acid) trisodium salt
  • Tris(3-sulfophenyl)phosphine trisodium salt
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.058.706
Properties
C18H12Na3O9PS3
Molar mass 568.41 g·mol−1
Appearance White microcrystalline solid
Soluble
Hazards
R-phrases (outdated) R36/37/38
S-phrases (outdated) S26
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Synthesis

Tppts is synthesized by sulfonation of triphenylphosphine. The sulfonation occurs at one meta-position of each of the three phenyl rings. The sulfonation agent is oleum, a solution of sulfur trioxide in sulfuric acid. The resulting trisulfonic acid is then treated with triisooctylamine and sodium hydroxide. Immediately upon dissolving in the reaction medium, the phosphine is protonated. It is the phosphonium salt that undergoes the sulfonation:

HP(C6H5)3+ + 3 SO3 → [HP(C6H4SO3H)3]+
[HP(C6H4SO3H)3]+ + 4 N(C8H17)3 → [HN(C8H17)3]3[P(C6H4SO3)3] + [HN(C8H17)3]+
[HN(C8H17)3]3[P(C6H4SO3)3] + 3 NaOH → P(C6H4SO3Na)3 + 3 N(C8H17)3 + 3 H2O

As a Lewis base, tppts is stronger than triphenylphosphine.

Uses in hydroformylation

Complexes of tppts are very soluble in water, which is the basis of its industrial application. Tppts-based rhodium catalysts were introduced in 1984 for a two-phase hydroformylation of propene by Ruhrchemie. Hydroformylation, also known as oxo synthesis, is the reaction of an alkene with carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Traditionally, hydroformylation is catalyzed by rhodium and cobalt complexes in nonaqueous solution.[2]

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References
  1. Herrmann, W.A.; Kohlpaintner, C.W. (1998). "Synthesis of Water-Soluble Phosphines and Their Transition Metal Complexes". Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic Syntheses. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 32: 8–25. doi:10.1002/9780470132630.ch2. ISBN 0-471-24921-1. OCLC 219831361.
  2. Boy Cornils, Richard W. Fischer, Christian Kohlpaintner "Butanals" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_447
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