T-rules
The T(ea)-rules (T(hee)-regels), are a set of conjugation rules used in the Dutch language to determine whether the second person singular/plural and the first and third person singular of a verb end in -t or not. These rules are related to the 't kofschip-rule, which is used to determine the verb end for past tenses and participles. The combined sets of rules are also known as the d/t-rules.
- Ik drink nooit t(hee) (I (ik) never drink t(ea))
- Jij drinkt alleen t(hee) (als 'je' tegenwoordig is en voorafgaat aan 'drinkt') (You (jij) only drink t(ea) (if 'you' is present and precedes drinks (drinkt)) (informal)
- Gij drinkt altijd t(hee) (Thou (gij) always drinkst t(ea)) (archaic/informal in Belgium)
- U drinkt enkel t(hee) (als 'u' tegenwoordig is) (You (U/u) only drink t(ea)) (if 'you' is present) (formal)
- Hij drinkt enkel t(hee) (als 'hij' tegenwoordig is) (He (hij) only drinks t(ea)) (if 'he' is present)
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Second person pronouns
The pronoun jij/je only calls for the verb to end in -t if it precedes the verb, and if the verb is in the present simple or present perfect indicative. Modal verbs and the future/conditional auxiliary zullen allow forms with and without -t (but the subject pronoun must still precede the verb for the -t form to appear).
- Jij gaat naar school. ("You go to school", simple present indicative, jij precedes verb)
- Ga jij naar school? ("Do you go to school?", jij does not precede verb)
- Je zou naar school gaan. ("You would go to school", conditional auxiliary)
- Jij ging naar school. ("You went to school", past tense)
- Je kan naar school gaan. ("You can go to school", modal form without t)
- Je kunt naar school gaan. ("You can go to school", modal t-form, je precedes verb)
- Kun je naar school gaan? ("Can you go to school?", modal, je does not precede verb)
- Je zal naar school gaan. ("You will go to school", future auxiliary without t)
- Je zult naar school gaan. ("You will go to school", future auxiliary t-form, je precedes verb)
- Zul je naar school gegaan zijn? ("Will you have gone to school?", future auxiliary, je does not precede verb)
If the stem of the verb ends in -t, the jij form always ends in -t:
- Jij rust. ("You rest", je precedes verb)
- Rust jij? ("Do you rest?", je does not precede verb)
With the verbs houden, rijden and verbs derived from them, the -d of the radical can be dropped if it is not followed by -t. In a formal context, usually the d is not dropped.
- Hou jij van bloemen ("Do you like flowers?")
- Houd jij van bloemen ("Do you like flowers?", formal)
- Jij houdt van bloemen ("You like flowers", jij precedes verb)
Jullie (2nd plural)
The pronoun jullie always makes the verb end in -en. The ending -t is also possible, but this form is archaic (although it does survive in Brabantian dialect).
- Jullie lopen naar school. ("You walk to school")
- Jullie loopt naar school. ("You/ye walk to school", archaic)
Gij/ge (2nd sing./plur.)
The pronoun gij/ge makes the verb end in -t, whether the pronoun precede or follow the verb. Modal and auxiliary forms also end in -t. This pronoun is used informally in spoken language in North Brabant and Flanders only. Its written form only appears in archaic texts where it compares to English thou.
- Gij gaat naar school. ("Thou goest to school", present indicative, gij precedes)
- Gaat gij naar school. ("Dost thou go to school?" / "Goest thou to school?", gij follows)
- Ge zoudt naar school gaan. ("Thou wouldst go to school", conditional)
- Gij gingt naar school. ("Thou wentst to school", past)
- Ge kunt naar school gaan. ("Thou canst go to school", modal)
No extra -t is added if the verb stem already end in -t. The ending -t is added after -d:
- Gij rust. ("Thou restest")
- Houdt gij van bloemen? ("Dost thou like flowers?" / "Likest thou flowers?")
- Gij houdt van bloemen ("Thou likest flowers")
In the subjunctive and in the regular past, the -t survives only as an archaic form:
- Gij neme(t) een lepel suiker. ("Thou takest a spoon of sugar" / "That thou mayst take a spoon of sugar", present subjunctive)
- Werkte(t) ge hard? ("Didst thou work hard?" / "Workedst thou hard?", regular past)
In informal speech (only in Flanders/Brabant), the verb ends in -de or -te, if gij follows the verb. In very informal speech (only in Flanders/Brabant), the subject is dropped altogether. The -e ending after the stem is a remnant of the Middle Dutch pronoun di which, over the centuries, developed into a clitic.
- Zijde gij blind! Ziede dat nu niet? ("Are you blind! Didn't (you) see that?", informal)
Third person singular and u/U
The rules for third person singular subjects and the pronoun u/U (2nd person sing./plur.) are the same: the verb takes -t in the simple present and present perfect tense of the indicative. Modal verbs and zullen (will) have forms without -t. This pronoun is formal and is used in both written and spoken language. The spelling with a capital U is very formal and is used for royalty or deities.
- Hij gaat naar school. ("He goes to school", present indicative)
- Gaat u naar school. ("Do you go to school", present indicative)
- Hij zou naar school gaan. ("He would go to school", conditional)
- U ging naar school. ("You went to school", past)
- Zij kan naar school gaan. ("She can go to school", modal)
The first person singular for non-modal verb is identical to the radical. The form can end in a vowel or in a consonant (including t). For the verbs houden, rijden and their derivatives, the -d of the radical can be dropped in spoken language. In a formal context, the d is not dropped.
- Ik ga naar school ("I go to school")
- Ik rust ("I rest", radical ends in t)
- Ik hou van bloemen ("I love flowers", form without -d)
- Ik houd van bloemen ("I love flowers", form with -d, formal)