Symphypleona

The order Symphypleona is one of the three main groups of springtails (Collembola), tiny hexapods related to insects. When the springtails were still believed to be an order of insects, the Symphypleona were ranked as a suborder.

Symphypleona
Allacma fusca from forest near Cologne, Germany
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Entognatha (?)
Subclass: Collembola
Order: Symphypleona
Superfamilies

Dicyrtomoidea
Katiannoidea
Sminthuroidea
Sminthurididoidea
Sturmioidea

Synonyms

Neopleona

They can be best distinguished from the other springtail groups by their body shape. The Symphypleona are very round animals, almost spherical, and usually have long antennae. The Poduromorpha, by contrast, always have short legs and a plump body, but more oval in shape than the Symphypleona. The Entomobryomorpha contain the slimmest springtails, some with long and some with short legs and antennae, but always with a very slender body.

Systematics

The Symphypleona order was previously suggested to contain also family Neelidae, as a very apomorphic relative in the Sminthuridae superfamily. . Phylogenetic studies however suggest Neelidae to be the only femily of Neelipleona order. [1][2][3][4]


List of families
Sminthurus nigromaculatus Sminthuridae
Dicyrtomina minuta inside a pitcher plant

Includes fossil families

Superfamily Sminthuridoidea

Superfamily Katiannoidea

  • Family Katiannidae
  • Family Spinothecidae
  • Family Arrhopalitidae
  • Family Collophoridae

Superfamily Sturmioidea

  • Family Sturmiidae

Superfamily Sminthuroidea

Superfamily Dicyrtomoidea

  • Family Dicyrtomidae

References
  1. Gao, Yan; Bu, Yun & Luan, Yun-Xia (2008): Phylogenetic Relationships of Basal Hexapods Reconstructed from Nearly Complete 18S and 28S rRNA Gene Sequences. Zool. Sci. 25(11): 1139-1145. doi:10.2108/zsj.25.1139 PMID 19267625 (HTML abstract)
  2. Xiong, Y; Gao, Y; Yin, W; Luan, Y (2008). "Molecular phylogeny of Collembola inferred from ribosomal RNA genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 49 (3): 728–735. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.09.007. ISSN 1055-7903.
  3. Leo, Chiara; Carapelli, Antonio; Cicconardi, Francesco; Frati, Francesco; Nardi, Francesco (2019). "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Collembola: Phylogeny, Dating and Gene Order". Diversity. 11 (9): 169. doi:10.3390/d11090169. ISSN 1424-2818.
  4. Sun, Xin; Ding, Yinhuan; Orr, Michael C.; Zhang, Feng (2020). "Streamlining universal single‐copy orthologue and ultraconserved element design: A case study in Collembola". Molecular Ecology Resources. 20 (3). doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13146. ISSN 1755-098X.



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