Sylvatic plague

Sylvatic plague is an infectious bacterial disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis that primarily affects rodents such as prairie dogs. It is the same bacterium that causes bubonic and pneumonic plague in humans. Sylvatic, or sylvan, means 'occurring in wildlife,' and refers specifically to the form of plague in rural wildlife. Urban plague refers to the form in urban wildlife.

Scanning electron microphotograph depicting a mass of Yersinia pestis bacteria (the cause of bubonic plague) in the foregutte of the flea vector

It is primarily transmitted among wildlife through flea bites and contact with infected tissue or fluids. Sylvatic plague is most commonly found in prairie dog colonies and some mustelids like the black-footed ferret.[1]

Transmission vector

The flea that feeds on prairie dogs and other mammals serves as the vector for transmission of Sylvatic plague to the new host, primarily through flea bites, or contact with contaminated fluids or tissue, through predation or scavenging. Humans can contract plague from wildlife through flea bites and handling animal carcasses.[1]

Epidemiology and distribution

Yersinia pestis circulates in rodent and prairie dog reservoirs on all continents except Australia. Sylvatic plague affects over 50 species of rodents worldwide. It is vectored by a variety of flea species. Non-rodent animals susceptible to the disease include shrews, Lagomorphs, ferrets, badgers, skunks, weasels, coyotes, domestic dogs and cats, bobcats, mountain lions, camels, goats, sheep, pigs, deer, and primates including humans. Birds are not known to be susceptible.[2]

Sylvatic plague is normally enzootic, meaning it occurs at regular, predictable rates in populations and specific areas. At unpredictable times it becomes epizootic in unexpected places. It is during these epizootic outbreaks that transmission to humans is most common.

Factors that predispose to epizootic cycles include dense populations of rodents, multiple species of rodents in a particular area, and multiple rodent species in diverse habitats.[3]

Prairie dog colonies reach nearly 100% mortality rates during outbreaks. Prairie dogs are a keystone species and play a vital role as the primary prey of black footed ferrets. Developing methods to control plague is of high concern for preserving ferrets and the conservation of Western prairie and grassland ecosystems.[1]

Wildlife disease control and prevention

Prairie dogs evolved over 3,000,000 years ago, and have been surviving sylvatic plague as a species for a long time. In the absence of understanding the natural prairie dog/plague cycles, dusting rodent dens with pesticides to kill fleas is currently the main method of controlling sylvatic plague in the wild, with some interest in using vaccines developing.[4]

An oral live vaccine for prairie dogs was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, from a recombinant raccoon poxvirus expressing plague antigens. It was originally developed by a Fort Detrick company in 2003 which showed it protected mice against lethal plague.[5]

See also

• Black plague
• Grasshopper mouse
• Sylvatic cycle
• Epizootic

References

1. Abbott, R.C.; Rocke, T.E (2012). "Plague: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1372". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
2. "History of the Black Footed Ferret". Black-footed Ferret Recovery Implementation Team. Retrieved 25 Oct 2013.
3. "Plague Symptoms". Center for Disease Control.
4. USGS (July 2013). "Sylvatic Plague Immunization in Black-footed Ferrets and Prairie Dogs". USGS National Wildlife Health Center.
5. Osorio JE, Powell TD, Frank RS, Moss K, Haanes EJ, Smith SR, Rocke TE, Stinchcomb DT (2003). "Recombinant raccoon pox vaccine protects mice against lethal plague". Vaccine. 21 (11–12): 1232–8. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00557-1. PMID 12559803.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)

External links

• Black Death on In Our Time at the BBC
• Black Death at BBC