Swedish riksdaler

The riksdaler (Swedish pronunciation: [rɪksˈdɑ̌ːlɛr]) was the name of a Swedish coin first minted in 1604. Between 1777 and 1873, it was the currency of Sweden. The daler, like the dollar,[1] was named after the German Thaler. The similarly named Reichsthaler, rijksdaalder, and rigsdaler were used in Germany and Austria-Hungary, the Netherlands, and Denmark-Norway, respectively. Riksdaler is still used as a colloquial term for Sweden's modern-day currency.[2]

An 8 daler piece of plate money (plåtmynt) in the British Museum.

History

Penning accounting system

The daler was introduced in 1534. It was initially intended for international use and was divided into 4 marks and then a mark is further subdivided into 8 öres and then a öre is further subdivided into 24 pennings. In 1604, the name was changed to riksdaler ("daler of the realm", c.f. Reichsthaler). In 1609, the riksdaler rose to a value of 6 mark when the other Swedish coins were debased but the riksdaler remained constant.

From 1624, daler were issued in copper as well as silver. Because of the low value of copper, large plate money (plåtmynt) was issued.[3] These were rectangular pieces of copper weighing, in some cases, several kilograms. (The largest one is worth 10 daler and weighs almost 20 kilograms (44 lb)). They circulated until 1776. As silver became scarce, the silver daler rose in value relative to the copper daler, with the exchange rate between the two eventually being set at a ratio of 3 to 1. Denominations in copper money were marked K.M. or KMT, with S.M. or SMT denoting silver money.

The cumbersome size and weight of plate money eventually prompted Sweden to become the first country in Europe to issue banknotes.[4] These were issued by Stockholms Banco in 1661.[5] The notes lost much of their value due to over production but succeeded in alleviating the immediate problem. They were issued until 1667. In 1681, the silver daler was debased, such that 1 riksdaler = 2 silver daler, with a further debasement in 1712 resulting in 1 riksdaler = 3 silver daler.

Riksdaler accounting system

In 1776, a new currency system was announced, which came into use at the beginning of 1777. The new currency was based on the riksdaler subdivided into 48 skilling (worth two old öre, sometimes spelled schilling with the plural schillingar), with each skilling further subdivided into 12 rundstycken. Pre-existing copper coins were halved in value and only the most recent silver coins retained their face values.

The new currency was issued in banknotes (fiat money) and silver and copper coins. At first, only the Riksens Ständers Wexel-Banco (the Bank of the Riksdag of the Estates) could issue banknotes but, in 1789, the Riksgälds Kontor (Swedish National Debt Office) was established and given the right to issue its own banknotes. The riksdaler specie was minted in silver, the riksdaler banco was issued by the Bank and the riksdaler riksgälds was issued by the Debt Office. Both the Bank and Debt Office issued copper coins.

The riksdaler specie was protected against inflation through its connection to silver but the banknotes suffered heavily from a seigniorage induced inflation. In 1803, the values of the two paper moneys were tied, with 1 riksdaler banco = ​1 ¹⁄₂ riksdaler riksgälds. In 1830, the exchange rate to the silver coinage was also fixed, with 1 riksdaler specie = ​2 ²⁄₃ riksdaler banco = 4 riksdaler riksgälds. The value of the copper coins of the Riksens Ständers Wexel-Banco fell (relative to silver) in line with the bank's paper money. Thus, from 1830, there were 128 bank skilling to the riksdaler specie and these became the new standard subdivision of the riksdaler specie in 1834, carrying the name skilling banco.

Decimal system

In 1855 two reforms took place, the introduction of the riksdaler riksmynt and the change to a decimal system. One riksdaler specie was equal to 4 riksdaler riksmynt, each of which was divided into 100 öre. The Scandinavian Monetary Union replaced the riksdaler riksmynt in 1873 with a new currency, the krona. An equal valued krone/krona of the monetary union replaced the three Scandinavian currencies at the rate of 1 krone/krona = ​¹⁄₂ Danish rigsdaler = ​¹⁄₄ Norwegian speciedaler = 1 Swedish riksdaler riksmynt.

The now obsolete 25 öre coin was also often referred to as tolvskilling (12 skilling) during most of the 20th century. Although it is correct that 25 öre = ​¹⁄₄ krona (after 1873) = ​¹⁄₄ riksdaler riksmynt (1855–1873) = ​¹⁄₄ riksdaler riksgälds (to 1855) = 12 skilling riksgälds, no such coins ever existed. However, since 1 riksdaler riksgälds = ​¹⁄₄ riksdaler specie (silver), 12 skilling riksgälds = ​¹⁄₁₆ riksdaler specie = 3 skilling specie (silver). Coins in the denomination ​¹⁄₁₆ riksdaler specie were actually issued up to 1855. It is not clear if the name tolvskilling was used as a common name for this coin or if it simply was used to help people to get accustomed to the new decimal system.

Coins

In the 1770s, before the introduction of the new currency, coins were being issued in denominations of 1 öre K.M., 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 öre S.M., 1 and 2 daler S.M. and 1 riksdaler.

After the reform of 1777, silver coins were issued in denominations of ​¹⁄₂₄, ​¹⁄₁₂, ​¹⁄₆, ​¹⁄₃, ​²⁄₃ and 1 riksdaler. The Riksgäldskontoret issued ​¹⁄₄ and ​¹⁄₂ skilling tokens (pollet) between 1799 and 1802, followed by issues of the Riksens Ständers Wexel-Banco in denominations of ​¹⁄₁₂, ​¹⁄₄, ​¹⁄₂ and 1 skilling from 1802.

In 1830, following the fixing of the relationship between the copper and silver coinages and the various paper money issues, copper ​¹⁄₆ skilling were introduced, together with a new silver coinage in denominations of ​¹⁄₁₂, ​¹⁄₈, ​¹⁄₄ and ​¹⁄₂ riksdaler. The new silver coins were all struck in .750 fineness and were weight related. Production of ​¹⁄₁₂ skilling, ​¹⁄₂₄, ​¹⁄₆ and ​¹⁄₃ riksdaler ceased.

In 1835, a new copper coinage was introduced, consisting of ​¹⁄₆, ​¹⁄₃, ​²⁄₃, 1 and 2 skilling banco, along with silver ​¹⁄₁₆ riksdaler pieces. Production of the ​¹⁄₁₂ riksdaler ceased. Copper 4 skilling coins were introduced in 1849, followed by silver ​¹⁄₃₂ riksdaler in 1851. These last two coins, which were equal in value, were only minted until 1855 and 1853, respectively.

The reforms of 1855 introduced a new coinage consisting of bronze ​¹⁄₂, 1, 2 and 5 öre, silver 10, 25 and 50 öre, 1 and 2 riksdaler riksmynt and 1 riksdaler specie. The silver coins retained the .750 fineness of the preceding issues, causing the 10 öre coin to weigh just 0.85 grams.

Banknotes

Between 1661 and 1667, Stockholms Banco issued notes in a large range of denominations of riksdaler specie (50 up to 1000), silver daler (50 up to 1000) and copper daler (​12 ¹⁄₂ up to 1000). Paper money production resumed in 1701, with issued from the Kongliga (later Riksens) Ständers Wexel-Banco. Many of these notes had the value written in by hand at the time of issue. Printed denominations were 6, 9, 12, 24 and 36 copper daler (daler KMT).

In 1777, banknotes were introduced in denominations of 2 and 3 riksdaler, although notes with hand written amounts continued to be issued until 1836. In 1802, smaller denominations of 8, 12 and 16 schillingar were introduced, followed by notes for 10 and 14 skillingar in 1803.

The Riksgälds Kontor introduced notes with handwritten denominations in 1790. Printed denominations of 12, 16 and 24 schillingar, 1, 2 and 5 riksdaler were introduced in 1791, followed by 10, 50 and 100 riksdaler in 1816. The Riksgälds Kontor ceased printing paper money in 1834.

From 1834, the Riksens Ständers Wexel-Bank issued notes for 8, 12 and 16 schillingar banco and 2 and 3 riksdaler banco. The schillingar banco notes were issued until 1849 but the riksdaler notes were only issued until 1836.

Between 1835 and 1836, the Rikes Ständers Bank introduced notes in denominations of 32 skilling banco, 2, ​6 ²⁄₃, 10, ​16 ²⁄₃, ​33 ¹⁄₃, 100 and 500 riksdaler banco. The notes were also marked with the denominations in riksdaler riksgälds (1, 3, 10, 15, 25, 50, 150 and 750) and riksdaler specie (​¹⁄₄, ​³⁄₄, ​2 ¹⁄₂, ​3 ³⁄₄, ​6 ¹⁄₂, ​12 ¹⁄₂, ​37 ¹⁄₂ and ​187 ¹⁄₂). The last of these notes were produced in 1857.

From 1858, the Rikes Ständers Bank issued notes for 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 riksdaler riksmynt. Production of these notes was taken over by Sveriges Riksbank in 1869, with the notes issued until 1873.

See also

• History of copper currency in Sweden, Swedish krona
• Danish rigsdaler, Danish krone
• Icelandic króna
• Norwegian rigsdaler, Norwegian speciedaler, Norwegian krone

References

Specific citations:

1. National Geographic. June 2002. p. 1. Ask Us.
2. "En ny cykel för 8 kronor". August 22, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-16. ...ny cykel för 8 kronor... för bara åtta riksdaler
3. Swedish Coin Museum Archived 2006-10-03 at Archive.today from myntkabinettet.se (in Swedish)
4. "From shells to mobile phones". Prospero (blog). The Economist. September 22, 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-23. ...the resulting slabs were so unwieldy—this is money that could be used as a murder weapon—that Sweden eventually had to issue paper notes, the first of their kind in Europe.
5. Geisst, Charles R. (2005). Encyclopedia of American business history. New York. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-8160-4350-7.

General references:

• Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1978). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1979 Edition. Colin R. Bruce II (senior editor) (5th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873410203.
• Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.
• Pick, Albert (1994). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9.

External links

• Edvinsson, Rodney (2010). "Swedish monetary standards in historical perspective". Retrieved 2012-09-23. in Edvinsson, Rodney; Jacobson, Tor; Waldenström, Daniel (eds.). Historical Monetary and Financial Statistics for Sweden: Exchange rates, prices and wages 1277–2008. Sveriges Riksbank, Ekerlids förlag. pp. 26–66. ISBN 978-91-7092-124-7.