Supplemental instruction

Supplemental instruction (SI) is an academic support model developed by Deanna Martin[1] at the University of Missouri–Kansas City (UMKC) in 1973 that uses peer-assisted study sessions to improve student retention and success within targeted historically difficult courses.[2] The SI program provides peer support by having students who succeeded in traditionally difficult academic courses (e.g., Organic Chemistry, Biology 101, Logic) help other students complete these courses. SI is a non-remedial approach that provides regular review sessions outside of class in which students work collaboratively by discussing readings, comparing notes, working together to predict test items, and sharing ideas for improving class material. Courses selected for SI tend to be "gatekeeper" courses for first and second year students—generally those classes that have a 30% or higher proportion of students who receive a "D", fail, or withdraw (the DFW rate) from the course. Out-of-class review sessions are led by "SI leaders", students who took the class already and did well. SI leaders attend all class lectures, take notes, and act as models to those currently taking the course. The SI model is used for selected courses at the undergraduate, graduate, and professional school levels, and has been adopted by colleges and universities in the United States and internationally.[3]

Philosophy

The SI model is based on a collection of learning theories. SI borrows from behavioral learning principles from Skinner, Bandura, Ausubel, and Herbart; from cognitive development principles from Bruner, Piaget, and Flower and Hayes; from social interdependence principles from Geertz, Vygotsky, Bakhtin, and Erickson; and from interpretive-critical principles from Freire, Apple, and Kozol.

Effectiveness

In the early 1990s the U.S. Department of Education validated three specific claims about the effectiveness of SI:

  1. Students participating in SI within the targeted high-risk courses earn higher mean final course grades than students who do not participate in SI. This finding is still true when analyses control for ethnicity and prior academic achievement.
  2. Despite ethnicity and prior academic achievement, students participating in SI within targeted high-risk courses succeed at a higher rate (withdraw at a lower rate and receive a lower percentage of [fail] final course grades) than those who do not participate in SI.
  3. Students participating in SI persist at the institution (reenroll and graduate) at higher rates than students who do not participate in SI[4]

A more recent review of all published SI research between 2001 and 2010 found studies in support of all three of these claims, and no studies contradicting them.[4]

Dissemination

The International Center for SI[5] is located at the University of Missouri-Kansas City in Kansas City, Missouri within Academic Support and Mentoring, formerly the Center for Academic Development.[6] The International Center for SI hosts and conducts regular trainings[7] on the SI model and has trained individuals representing more than 1,500 institutions in 30 different countries.[8]

There are national centers for SI at the University of Wollongong,[9] Australia, the University of Guelph,[9] Canada, Nelson Mandela University, South Africa,[10] Lund University,[11] Sweden. There is also a Regional Center for SI in northern South Africa at North-West University.[12] SI may also be called PASS (peer assisted study sessions) and PAL (peer assisted learning). Each national center is responsible for supervision and training interested institutions in their region in the SI model.

Conferences

Every two years, the International Center for SI[5] hosts a conference[13][14] where administrators, educators, SI leaders, and students gather to share new research and ideas that pertain to SI.

Adaptations

Video-based supplemental instruction (VSI)[15] is a model that combines course content with SI study sessions[16] University professors capture video recordings of their lectures. Trained facilitators, using the recorded lectures and the SI model, guide students through the learning process while emphasizing critical thinking and study skills. Assessment is provided by the professor keeping the facilitator in the role as a peer supporter and not an evaluator.

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gollark: I'm not really a fan of holiday ones.
gollark: Does anyone have any tips for gathering cavey eggs, by the way? Other than "click fast", that is.
gollark: Ah, the irony of the eggs which could speed up hatchings being stuck hatching...
gollark: Weirdly enough, Balloons vanish quite fast, too.

See also

References
  1. Burmeister, S. L. (1996). Supplemental Instruction: An interview with Deanna Martin. Journal of Developmental Education, 20(1), 22-24, 26
  2. "Supplemental Instruction - Overview". 9 February 2010. Archived from the original on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2018.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  3. "SI - Other Programs". 7 February 2010. Archived from the original on 7 February 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2018.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  4. Dawson, Phillip; van der Meer, Jacques; Skalicky, Jane; Cowley, Kym (2014). "On the Effectiveness of Supplemental Instruction A Systematic Review of Supplemental Instruction and Peer-Assisted Study Sessions Literature Between 2001 and 2010". Review of Educational Research. 84 (4): 609–639. doi:10.3102/0034654314540007.
  5. "Home". Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  6. "Academic Support and Mentoring | Home". Umkc.edu. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
  7. "Training in Kansas City | si". Info.umkc.edu. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
  8. "The International Center for SI - FAQ". Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  9. "Pass @ Uow". Uow.edu.au. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
  10. "Home".
  11. and
  12. "Supplemental Instruction - Student Academic Development and Support | Centre for Teaching and Learning (CTL) | Services | NWU | North-West University".
  13. "2010 International Conference on SI". 7 February 2010. Archived from the original on 7 February 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2018.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  14. "2016 | si". Info.umkc.edu. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
  15. "Video-based Supplemental Instruction Program". 9 February 2010. Archived from the original on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2018.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  16. "Overview of VSI". 27 May 2010. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2018.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
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