Sunflower sea star

Pycnopodia helianthoides, commonly known as the sunflower sea star, is a large sea star found in the northeast Pacific. The only species of its genus, it is among the largest sea stars in the world, with a maximum arm span of 1 m (3.3 ft). Sunflower sea stars usually have 16 to 24 limbs; their color can vary widely. They are predatory, feeding mostly on sea urchins, clams, snails, and other small invertebrates. Although the species had been widely distributed throughout the northeast Pacific, its population has rapidly declined since 2013.[2]

Sunflower sea star
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Echinodermata
Class:
Asteroidea
Order:
Forcipulatida
Family:
Asteriidae
Genus:
Pycnopodia
Species:
P. helianthoides
Binomial name
Pycnopodia helianthoides
Brandt, 1835 [1]

Description
A sunflower sea star with arms extended
Underside of a sunflower sea star

Sunflower sea stars can grow to have an arm span of 1 m (3.3 ft) in diameter. They are the second biggest sea star in the world, only second to the poorly know deepwater Midgardia xandaros, whose armspan is 134cm and it's body is 2,6cm (roughly 1 inch) wide. Tough, P. helianthoides is the largest known echinoderm by mass.[3] Their color ranges from bright orange, yellow and red to brown and sometimes to purple, with soft, velvet-textured bodies and 16 to 24 arms with powerful suckers.[3][4] Most sea star species have a mesh-like skeleton to protect their internal organs.[5]

Distribution and habitat

Sunflower sea stars were once common in the northeast Pacific from Alaska to Southern California,[3] and were largest in Puget Sound, British Columbia and Alaska.[5] Between 2013 and 2015, the species underwent a rapid population decline due to sea star wasting disease and abnormally high water temperatures caused by global climate change.[2] The species disappeared from its habitats in the waters off the coast of California and Oregon, and saw its population reduced by 99.2% in the waters near the state of Washington.[2] A team of ecologists using shallow water observations and deep offshore trawl surveys found declines of 80 to 100% from 2013 population levels across a 3,000 kilometer range.[6]

Sunflower sea stars generally inhabit low subtidal and intertidal areas rich in seaweed[7] or kelp.[8] They do not venture into high- and mid-tide areas because their body structure is fleshy and requires water to support it.[9]

Diet

Sunflower sea stars are quick, efficient hunters, moving at a speed of 1 m/min (3.3 ft/min) using 15,000 tube feet which lie on the undersides of their bodies.[3][4] They are commonly found around urchin barrens, as the sea urchin is a favorite food. They also eat clams, snails, abalone, sea cucumbers and other sea stars.[3] In Monterey Bay, California, they will feed on dead or dying squid.[10] Although the sunflower sea star can greatly extend its mouth, for larger prey, the stomach can extend outside the mouth to digest prey, such as gastropods like abalone.[11]

Easily stressed by predators such as large fish and other sea stars, they can shed arms to escape, which will grow back within a few weeks. They are preyed upon by the king crab.[5]

Reproduction

Sunflower sea stars can reproduce sexually through broadcast spawning.[12] They also have separate sexes.[11] Sunflower sea stars breed from May through June. In preparing to spawn, they arch up using a dozen or so arms to hoist their fleshy central mass free of the seafloor and release gametes into the water for external fertilization.[11] The microscopic sea star larvae float and feed near the surface for two to ten weeks. After the planktonic larval period, the larvae settle to the bottom and transform into juveniles.[5] Juvenile sunflower sea stars begin life with five arms, and grow the rest as they mature.[10] The lifespans of most sunflower sea stars is three to five years.

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References
  1. "Pycnopodia helianthoides". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
  2. Yong, Ed (30 January 2019). "A Starfish-Killing Disease Is Remaking the Oceans". The Atlantic. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  3. Sunflower sea star - NOAA
  4. Telnack, Jennifer. Intertidal Marine Invertebrates of the South Puget Sound, NW Marine Life.
  5. Sunflowerstar. Scott Boyd's Emerald Sea Photography.
  6. C. D. Harvell; D. Montecino-Latorre; J. M. Caldwell; J. M. Burt; K. Bosley; A. Keller; S. F. Heron; A. K. Salomon; L. Lee; O. Pontier; C. Pattengill-Semmens; J. K. Gaydos (30 January 2019). "Disease epidemic and a marine heat wave are associated with the continental-scale collapse of a pivotal predator (Pycnopodia helianthoides)". Science Advances. 5. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau7042. PMC 6353623.
  7. North Coast Intertidal Guide: Seastars & Urchins, Humboldt State University. Arcata, CA.
  8. Sunflower Star. Channel Islands National Park. National Park Service.
  9. Sunflower Star. North Island Explorer.
  10. "Sunflower star: Pycnopodia helianthoides". Online Field Guide. Monterey Bay Aquarium.
  11. Sea stars and relatives, Edmonds Discovery Programs, City of Edmonds, Washington.
  12. Aaron Shepard. "Pycnopodia helianthoides, The Sunflower Star". Evergreen State College. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
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